Policy learning from evidence during polycrises: a case of EU environmental policy

References

• Blum, S., and V. Pattyn. 2022. “How Are Evidence and Policy Conceptualised, and How Do They Connect? A Qualitative Systematic Review of Public Policy Literature.” Evidence & Policy 18 (3): 563–582. https://doi.org/10.1332/174426421X16397411532296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boin, A., M. Ekengren, and M. Rhinard. 2020. “Hiding in Plain Sight: Conceptualizing the Creeping Crisis.” Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy 11 (2): 116–138. https://doi.org/10.1002/rhc3.12193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongardt, A., and F. Torres. 2022. “The European Green Deal: More Than an Exit Strategy to the Pandemic Crisis, a Building Block of a Sustainable European Economic Model.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 60 (1): 170–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boswell, C. 2008. “The Political Functions of Expert Knowledge: Knowledge and Legitimation in European Union Immigration Policy.” Journal of European Public Policy 15 (4): 471–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760801996634.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns, C., and P. Tobin. 2018. “The Limits of Ambitious Environmental Policy in Times of Crisis.” In European Union External Environmental Policy: Rules, Regulation and Governance beyond Borders, edited by C. Adelle, K. Biedenkopf, and D. Torney, 319–336. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Cairney, P. 2022. “The Myth of ‘Evidence-Based Policymaking’ in a Decentred State.” Public Policy and Administration 37 (1): 46–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952076720905016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairney, P. 2023. “The Politics of Policy Analysis: Theoretical Insights on Real World Problems.” Journal of European Public Policy 30 (9): 1820–1838. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2023.2221282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carević, M. 2021. “The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Implementation of the European Green Deal.” EU and Comparative Law Issues and Challenges Series 5: 903–925. https://doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18357.
   Google Scholar
• Ciot, M.-G. 2022. “The Impact of the Russian–Ukrainian Conflict on Green Deal Implementation in Central–Southeastern Member States of the European Union.” Regional Science: Policy & Practice 15 (1): 122–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Council of the EU. 2022, July 26. Member States Commit to Reducing Gas Demand by 15% Next Winter. European Council. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/07/26/member-states-commit-to-reducing-gas-demand-by-15-next-winter/.
   Google Scholar
• Crnčec, D., J. Penca, and M. Lovec. 2023. “The COVID-19 Pandemic and the EU: From a Sustainable Energy Transition to a Green Transition?” Energy Policy 175: 113453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, M., and C. Hobson. 2022. “An Embarrassment of Changes: International Relations and the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 77 (2): 150–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2022.2095614.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DG Clima. 2016. Annual Activity Report. Brussels: European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• DG-Clima. 2020. Strategic Plan 2020–2024. Brussels: European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• DG-ENV. 2019. Annual Activity Report. Brussels: European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Dobbs, M., V. Gravey, and L. Petetin. 2021. “Driving the European Green Deal in Turbulent Times.” Politics and Governance 9 (3): 316–326. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i3.4321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domorenok, E., and P. Graziano. 2023. “Understanding the European Green Deal: A Narrative Policy Framework Approach.” European Policy Analysis 9 (1): 9–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.1168.
   Google Scholar
• Dupont, C., B. Moore, E. L. Boasson, V. Gravey, A. Jordan, P. Kivimaa, K. Kulovesi, et al. 2023. “Three Decades of EU Climate Policy: Racing toward Climate.” WIREs Climate Change 15 (1): e863. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.863.
   Google Scholar
• Dupont, C., J. Rosamond, and B. L. Zaki. 2024. “Investigating the Scientific Knowledge–Policy Interface in EU Climate Policy.” Policy & Politics 52 (1): 88–107. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557321X16861511996074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupont, C., S. Oberthür, and I. Von Homeyer. 2020. “The Covid-19 Crisis: A Critical Juncture for EU Climate Policy Development?” Journal of European Integration 42 (8): 1095–1110. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2020.1853117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EEA. 2015. The European Environment – State and Outlook 2015. Copenhagen: European Environmental Agency.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2018, November 7. Endocrine Disruptors: A Strategy for the Future That Protects EU Citizens and the Environment. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_18_6287.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2019a. The European Green Deal. COM (2019) 640. Brussels: European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2019b. Annual Burden Survey. Brussels: European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2020. COM(2020) – Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, and the Committee of the Regions. Brussels: European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2022. COM(2022) – Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, and the Committee of the Regions. Brussels: European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• European Council. 2023, February 7. Infographic – Where Does the EU’s Gas Come From? https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/infographics/eu-gas-supply/#:∼:text=In%202021%2C%20the%20EU%20imported,)%2C%20particularly%20from%20the%20US.
   Google Scholar
• European Environment Agency. 2019. The European Environment – State and Outlook 2020. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/publications/soer-2020.
   Google Scholar
• Freudlsperger, C., and M. Weinrich. 2021. “Decentralized EU Policy Coordination in Crisis? The Case of Germany.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 60 (5): 1356–1373. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guéguen, D., and V. Marissen. 2022. Science-Based and Evidence-Based Policy-Making in the European Union: Coexisting or Conflicting Concepts? Bruges: College of Europe.
   Google Scholar
• Henig, D., and D. M. Knight. 2023. “Polycrisis: Prompts for an Emerging Worldview.” Anthropology Today 39 (2): 3–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12793.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildén, M., A. Jordan, and T. Rayner. 2014. “Climate Policy Innovation: Developing an Evaluation Perspective.” Environmental Politics 23 (5): 884–905. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2014.924205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hloušek, V., and V. Havlík. 2023. “Eurosceptic Narratives in the Age of COVID-19: The Central European States in Focus.” East European Politics 40 (1): 154–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2023.2221184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juncker, J.-C. 2016, June 21. Speech by President Jean-Claude Juncker at the Annual General Meeting of the Hellenic Federation of Enterprises (SEV). European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_16_2293.
   Google Scholar
• Juntti, M., D. Russel, and J. Turnpenny. 2009. “Evidence, Politics and Power in Public Policy for the Environment.” Environmental Science & Policy 12 (3): 207–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2008.12.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladi, S., and D. Tsarouhas. 2020. “EU Economic Governance and Covid-19: Policy Learning and Windows of Opportunity.” Journal of European Integration 42 (8): 1041–1056. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2020.1852231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laffan, B. 2023. “Collective Power Europe? (the Government and Opposition/Leonard Schapiro Lecture 2022).”Government and Opposition 58 (4): 623–640. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2022.52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mavrot, C., and V. Pattyn. 2022. “The Politics of Evaluation.” In Handbook on the Politics of Public Administration, edited by L. Andreas and S. Fritz, 243–254. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Meissner, K. L., and M. G. Schoeller. 2019. “Rising Despite the Polycrisis? The European Parliament’s Strategies of Self-Empowerment after Lisbon.” Journal of European Public Policy 26 (7): 1075–1093. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1619187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, M. 2023. “Crisis Learning or Reform Backlog? The European Parliament’s Treaty‐Change Proposals during the Polycrisis.” Politics and Governance 11 (4): 311–323. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v11i4.7326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newig, J., E. Kochskämper, E. Challies, and N. W. Jager. 2016. “Exploring Governance Learning: How Policymakers Draw on Evidence, Experience and Intuition in Designing Participatory Flood Risk Planning.” Environmental Science & Policy 55 (2): 353–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.07.020.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oberthür, S., and I. von Homeyer. 2023. “From Emissions Trading to the European Green Deal: The Evolution of the Climate Policy Mix and Climate Policy Integration in the EU.” Journal of European Public Policy 30 (3): 445–468. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2022.2120528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pattyn, V., A. Gouglas, and J. De Leeuwe. 2020. “The Knowledge behind Brexit. A Bibliographic Analysis of Ex-Ante Policy Appraisals on Brexit in the United Kingdom and the European Union.” Journal of European Public Policy 28 (6): 821–839. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2020.1772345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petridou, E., N. Zahariadis, and S. Ceccoli. 2020. “Averting Institutional Disasters? Drawing Lessons from China to Inform the Cypriot Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic.” European Policy Analysis 6 (2): 318–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.1090.
   Google Scholar
• Piddington, G., E. Mackillop, and J. Downe. 2024. “Do Policy Actors Have Different Views of What Constitutes Evidence in Policymaking?” Policy & Politics 52 (2): 239–258. https://doi.org/10.1332/03055736Y2024D000000032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryner, M. J. 2023. “Silent Revolution/Passive Revolution: Europe’s COVID-19 Recovery Plan and Green Deal.” Globalizations 20 (4): 628–643. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2022.2147764.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samper, J. A., A. Schockling, and M. Islar. 2021. “Climate Politics in Green Deals: Exposing the Political Frontiers of the European Green Deal.” Politics & Governance 9 (2): 8–16. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i2.3853.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson, I. 2002. “Evaluation, Policy Learning and Evidence-Based Policy Making.” Public Administration 80 (1): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schunz, S. 2022. “The ‘European Green Deal’ – A Paradigm Shift? Transformations in the European Union’s Sustainability Meta-Discourse.” Political Research Exchange 4 (1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2474736X.2022.2085121.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Souto-Otero, M. 2013. “Is ‘Better Regulation’ Possible? Formal and Substantive Quality in the Impact Assessments in Education and Culture of the European Commission.” Evidence & Policy 9 (4): 513–529. https://doi.org/10.1332/174426413X662725.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trein, P., and T. Vagionaki. 2022. “Learning Heuristics, Issue Salience and Polarization in the Policy Process.” West European Politics 45 (4): 906–929. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2021.1878667.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Homeyer, I., S. Oberthür, and A. J. Jordan. 2021. “EU Climate and Energy Governance in Times of Crisis: Towards a New Agenda.” Journal of European Public Policy 28 (7): 959–979. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2021.1918221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler, H., and F. Jotzo. 2023. “Climate Policy in an Era of Polycrisis and Opportunities in Systems Transformations.” Climate Policy 23 (10): 1213–1215. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2023.2287284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisniewski, T. P. 2023. “Investigating Divergent Energy Policy Fundamentals: Warfare Assessment of Past Dependence on Russian Energy Raw Materials in Europe.” Energies 16 (4): 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16042019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo, J. J., M. Ramesh, and M. Howlett. 2015. “Legitimation Capacity: System-level Resources and Political Skills in Public Policy.” Policy and Society 34 (3–4): 271–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2015.09.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaki, B. L. 2023a. “Practicing Policy Learning during Creeping Crises: Key Principles and Considerations from the COVID-19 Crisis.” Policy Design and Practice 7 (1): 87–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2023.2237648.
   Google Scholar
• Zaki, B. L. 2023b. “Strategic Planning in Interesting Times: From Intercrisis to Intracrisis Responses.” Public Money & Management 43 (5): 521–524. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2023.2196028.
   Google Scholar
• Zaki, B. L. 2024. “Policy Learning Governance: A New Perspective on Agency in Policy Learning Theories.” Policy & Politics 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1332/03055736Y2023D000000018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaki, B. L., and C. Dupont. 2023. “Understanding Political Learning by Scientific Experts: A Case of EU Climate Policy.” Journal of European Public Policy 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2023.2290206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaki, B. L., V. Pattyn, and E. Wayenberg. 2023. “Policy Learning Mode Shifts during Creeping Crises: A Storyboard of COVID-19 Driven Learning in Belgium.” European Policy Analysis 9 (2): 142–166. https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.1165.
   Google Scholar
• Zaki, B. L., and C. M. Radaelli. 2024. “Measuring Policy Learning: Challenges and Good Practices.” Perspectives on Public Management and Governance. https://doi.org/10.1093/ppmgov/gvae001.
   Google Scholar
• Zaki, B. L., E. Wayenberg, and B. George. 2022. “A Systematic Review of Policy Learning: Tiptoeing through a Conceptual Minefield.” Policy Studies Yearbook 12 (1): 1–52. https://doi.org/10.18278/psy.12.1.2.
   Google Scholar
• Zaki, B. L., and E. Wayenberg. 2021. “Shopping in the Scientific Marketplace: COVID-19 through a Policy Learning Lens.” Policy Design and Practice 4 (1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2020.1843249.
   Google Scholar
• Zaki, B. L., and E. Wayenberg. 2023. “How Does Policy Learning Take Place across a Multilevel Governance Architecture during Crisis?” Policy & Politics 51 (1): 131–155. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557321X16680922931773.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeitlin, J., F. Nicoli, and B. Laffan. 2019. “Introduction: The European Union beyond the Polycrisis? Integration and Politicization in an Age of Shifting Cleavages.” Journal of European Public Policy 26 (7): 963–976. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1619803.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar