References
- Alexopoulos, G. S., Bruce, M. L., Hull, J., Sirey, J. A., & Kakuma, T. (1999). Clinical determinants of suicidal ideation and behavior in geriatric depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(11), 1048–1053. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.56.11.1048
- Almeida, O. P., Draper, B., Snowdon, J., Lautenschlager, N. T., Pirkis, J., Byrne, G., Sim, M., Stocks, N., Flicker, L., & Pfaff, J. J. (2012). Factors associated with suicidal thoughts in a large community study of older adults. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 201(6), 466–472. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.110130
- Alvarez, P., Urretavizcaya, M., Benlloch, L., Vallejo, J., & Menchón, J. M. (2011). Early- and late-onset depression in the older: No differences found within the melancholic subtype. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 26(6), 615–621. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2571
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Publications.
- Austad, S. N. (2006). Why women live longer than men: Sex differences in longevity. Gender Medicine, 3(2), 79–92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1550-8579(06)80198-1
- Bálint, L., Osváth, P., Rihmer, Z., & Döme, P. (2016). Associations between marital and educational status and risk of completed suicide in Hungary. Journal of Affective Disorders, 190, 777–783. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.011
- Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2019). 2018 National survey on drug use and health public use file codebook. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. http://www.datafiles.samhsa.gov
- Cheung, Y. B. (2000). Marital status and mortality in British women: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 29(1), 93–99. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/29.1.93
- Compton, M. T., Thompson, N. J., & Kaslow, N. J. (2005). Social environment factors associated with suicide attempt among low-income African Americans: The protective role of family relationships and social support. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40(3), 175–185. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-005-0865-6
- Consuegra-Sánchez, L., Melgarejo-Moreno, A., Jaulent-Huertas, L., Díaz-Pastor, Á., Escudero-García, G., Vicente-Gilabert, M., Alonso-Fernández, N., & Galcerá-Tomás, J. (2015). Unraveling the relation between marital status and prognosis among myocardial infarction survivors: Impact of being widowed on mortality. International Journal of Cardiology, 185, 141–143. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.113
- Conwell, Y., Duberstein, P. R., & Caine, E. D. (2002). Risk factors for suicide in later life. Biological Psychiatry, 52(3), 193–204. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01347-1
- Conwell, Y., & Thompson, C. (2008). Suicidal behavior in elders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31(2), 333–356. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.01.004
- Gill, S. K., Munoz, R. F., & Leykin, Y. (2018). The influence of perceived stress and depression on suicide-related beliefs in Caucasian and Indian adults. Crisis, 39(2), 127–136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000492
- Goldman, N., Korenman, S., & Weinstein, R. (1995). Marital status and health among the elderly. Social Science & Medicine, 40(12), 1717–1730. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)00281-W
- Gottfries, C.-G. (2001). Late life depression. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 251(2), 57–61. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03035129
- Gournellis, R., Oulis, P., & Howard, R. (2014). Psychotic major depression in older people: A systematic review. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29(8), 784–796. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4065
- Hareven, T. K. (1994). Aging and generational relations: A historical and life course perspective. Annual Review of Sociology, 20(1), 437–461. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.20.080194.002253
- Harrell, F. (2015). Regression modeling strategies: With applications to linear models, logistic and ordinal regression, and survival analysis. Springer publishing. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19425-7
- Hatch, L. R., & Hendricks, J. (2018). Beyond gender differences: Adaptation to aging in life course perspective. Routledge. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315225036
- Ikeda, A., Iso, H., Toyoshima, H., Fujino, Y., Mizoue, T., Yoshimura, T., Inaba, Y., Tamakoshi, A., & Group, J. S. (2007). Marital status and mortality among Japanese men and women: The Japan collaborative cohort study. BMC Public Health, 7(1), 73. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-73
- Johnson, N. J., Backlund, E., Sorlie, P. D., & Loveless, C. A. (2000). Marital status and mortality: The National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Annals of Epidemiology, 10(4), 224–238. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1047-2797(99)00052-6
- Ju, Y. J., Park, E.-C., Han, K.-T., Choi, J. W., Kim, J. L., Cho, K. H., & Park, S. (2016). Low socioeconomic status and suicidal ideation among elderly individuals. International Psychogeriatrics, 28(12), 2055. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610216001149
- Kaplan, R. M., & Kronick, R. G. (2006). Marital status and longevity in the United States population. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 60(9), 760–765. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.037606
- Kyung-Sook, W., SangSoo, S., Sangjin, S., & Young-Jeon, S. (2018). Marital status integration and suicide: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. Social Science & Medicine, 197, 116–126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.053
- Large, M. (2016). Study on suicide risk assessment in mental illness underestimates inpatient suicide risk. BMJ, 532, i267. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i267
- Laursen, T. M., Musliner, K. L., Benros, M. E., Vestergaard, M., & Munk-Olsen, T. (2016). Mortality and life expectancy in persons with severe unipolar depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 193, 203–207. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.067
- Lee, H.-Y., Hahm, M.-I., & Park, E. C. (2013). Differential association of socio-economic status with gender-and age-defined suicidal ideation among adult and elderly individuals in South Korea. Psychiatry Research, 210(1), 323–328. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.05.012
- Manzoli, L., Villari, P., Pirone, G. M., & Boccia, A. (2007). Marital status and mortality in the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 64(1), 77–94. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.031
- Masocco, M., Pompili, M., Vichi, M., Vanacore, N., Lester, D., & Tatarelli, R. (2008). Suicide and marital status in Italy. Psychiatric Quarterly, 79(4), 275–285. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-008-9072-4
- Meeks, T. W., Vahia, I. V., Lavretsky, H., Kulkarni, G., & Jeste, D. V. (2011). A tune in “a minor” can “b major”: A review of epidemiology, illness course, and public health implications of subthreshold depression in older adults. Journal of Affective Disorders, 129(1–3), 126–142. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.09.015
- Melhem, N. M., Porta, G., Oquendo, M. A., Zelazny, J., Keilp, J. G., Iyengar, S., Burke, A., Birmaher, B., Stanley, B., Mann, J. J., & Brent, D. A. (2019). Severity and variability of depression symptoms predicting suicide attempt in high-risk individuals. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(6), 603–613. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4513
- Miller, S., Segal, D. L., Frederick, L., & Coolidge, J. (2001). A comparison of suicidal thinking and reasons for living among younger and older adults. Death Studies, 25(4), 357–365. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180151143105
- Nadine, J. K., Sherry, A., Bethea, K., Wyckoff, S., Compton, M. T., Grall, M. B., Scholl, L., Price, A. W., Kellermann, A., Thompson, N., & Parker, R. (2005). Social risk and protective factors for suicide attempts in low income African American men and women. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 35(4), 400–412. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2005.35.4.400
- National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Leading causes of death reports 1981-2018. (Vol. 2019). http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html
- Omary, A. (2021). National pevalence rates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among adults with and without major depression. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 209(5), 378–385. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001309
- Osazuwa-Peters, N., Arnold, L. D., Loux, T. M., Varvares, M. A., & Schootman, M. (2018). Factors associated with increased risk of suicide among survivors of head and neck cancer: A population-based analysis. Oral Oncology, 81, 29–34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.03.017
- Purcell, B., Heisel, M. J., Speice, J., Franus, N., Conwell, Y., & Duberstein, P. R. (2012). Family connectedness moderates the association between living alone and suicide ideation in a clinical sample of adults 50 years and older. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(8), 717–723. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e31822ccd79
- Rendall, M. S., Weden, M. M., Favreault, M. M., & Waldron, H. (2011). The protective effect of marriage for survival: A review and update. Demography, 48(2), 481–506. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0032-5
- Robards, J., Evandrou, M., Falkingham, J., & Vlachantoni, A. (2012). Marital status, health and mortality. Maturitas, 73(4), 295–299. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.08.007
- Rodda, J., Walker, Z., & Carter, J. (2011). Depression in older adults. BMJ, 343(sep28 1), d5219–d5219. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5219
- Rossom, R. C., Coleman, K. J., Ahmedani, B. K., Beck, A., Johnson, E., Oliver, M., & Simon, G. E. (2017). Suicidal ideation reported on the PHQ9 and risk of suicidal behavior across age groups. Journal of Affective Disorders, 215, 77–84. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.037
- Scafato, E., Galluzzo, L., Gandin, C., Ghirini, S., Baldereschi, M., Capurso, A., Maggi, S., Farchi, G., & For The Ilsa Working Group. (2008). Marital and cohabitation status as predictors of mortality: A 10-year follow-up of an Italian elderly cohort. Social Science and Medicine, 67(9), 1456–1464. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.06.026
- Simon, M., Chang, E.-S., Zeng, P., & Dong, X. (2013). Prevalence of suicidal ideation, attempts, and completed suicide rate in Chinese aging populations: A systematic review. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 57(3), 250–256. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2013.05.006
- Staehelin, K., Schindler, C., Spoerri, A., & Zemp Stutz, E. (2012). Marital status, living arrangement and mortality: Does the association vary by gender? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66(7), e22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2010.128397
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2019a). 2018 National survey of drug use and health (NSDUH): Detailed tables. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2019b). Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2018 national survey on drug use and health. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/
- Suh, G.-H., & Gega, L. (2017). Suicide attempts among the elderly in East Asia. International Psychogeriatrics, 29(5), 707–708. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610217000333
- Tiemeier, H. (2003). Biological risk factors for late life depression. European Journal of Epidemiology, 18(8), 745–750. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025388203548
- Tsoh, J., Chiu, H. F., Duberstein, P. R., Chan, S. S., Chi, I., Yip, P. S., & Conwell, Y. (2005). Attempted suicide in elderly Chinese persons: A multi-group, controlled study. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13(7), 562–571. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/00019442-200507000-00004
- Valkonen, T., Martikainen, P., & Blomgren, J. (2004). Increasing excess mortality among non-married elderly people in developed countries. Demographic Research, S2, 305–330. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2004.S2.12
- Vanderhorst, R. K., & McLaren, S. (2005). Social relationships as predictors of depression and suicidal ideation in older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 9(6), 517–525. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860500193062
- Waern, M., Rubenowitz, E., Runeson, B., Skoog, I., Wilhelmson, K., & Allebeck, P. (2002). Burden of illness and suicide in elderly people: Case-control study. BMJ, 324(7350), 1355. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7350.1355
- Waldron, I., Weiss, C. C., & Hughes, M. E. (1997). Marital status effects on health: Are there differences between never married women and divorced and separated women? Social Science & Medicine, 45(9), 1387–1397. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00065-8
- Witte, T. K., Fitzpatrick, K. K., Joinerjr, T. E., Jr, & Schmidt, N. B. (2005). Variability in suicidal ideation: A better predictor of suicide attempts than intensity or duration of ideation? Journal of Affective Disorders, 88(2), 131–136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2005.05.019
- World Health Organization. (2021). Suicide worldwide in 2019: Global health estimates. https://www.int/publications/i/item/978924-0026643
- Zarulli, V., Jones, J. A. B., Oksuzyan, A., Lindahl-Jacobsen, R., Christensen, K., Vaupel, J. W., & W, J. (2018). Women live longer than men even during severe famines and epidemics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(4), E832–E840. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701535115
- Zueras, P., Rutigliano, R., & Trias-Llimós, S. (2020). Marital status, living arrangements, and mortality in middle and older age in Europe. International Journal of Public Health, 65(5), 627–636. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-020-01371-w