External stimulation induces the secretion of autophagosome-like vesicles by B cells

References

• Clarke AJ, Simon AK. Autophagy in the renewal, differentiation and homeostasis of immune cells. Nat Rev Immunol. 2019 Mar;19(3):170–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deretic V. Autophagy in inflammation, infection, and immunometabolism. Immunity. 2021 Mar 9;54(3):437–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aman Y, Schmauck-Medina T, Hansen M, et al. Autophagy in healthy aging and disease. Nat Aging. 2021 Aug;1(8):634–650.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Melia TJ, Lystad AH, Simonsen A. Autophagosome biogenesis: From membrane growth to closure. J Cell Biol. 2020 Jun 1;219(6).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leidal AM, Huang HH, Marsh T, et al. The LC3-conjugation machinery specifies the loading of RNA-binding proteins into extracellular vesicles. Nat Cell Biol. 2020 Feb;22(2):187–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hessvik NP, Overbye A, Brech A, et al. PIKfyve inhibition increases exosome release and induces secretory autophagy. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2016 Dec;73(24):4717–4737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solvik TA, Nguyen TA, Tony Lin YH , et al. Secretory autophagy maintains proteostasis upon lysosome inhibition. J Cell Biol. 2022 Jun 6;221(6).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao G, Zhao H, Li Y, et al. ORF3a of the COVID-19 virus SARS-CoV-2 blocks HOPS complex-mediated assembly of the SNARE complex required for autolysosome formation. Dev Cell. 2021 Feb 22;56(4):427–442 e5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Sun H, Pei R, et al. The SARS-CoV-2 protein ORF3a inhibits fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. Cell Discov. 2021 May 4;7(1):31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minakaki G, Menges S, Kittel A, et al. Autophagy inhibition promotes SNCA/alpha-synuclein release and transfer via extracellular vesicles with a hybrid autophagosome-exosome-like phenotype. Autophagy. 2018;14(1):98–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Silva NS, Klein U. Dynamics of B cells in germinal centres. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015 Mar;15(3):137–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsner RA, Shlomchik MJ. Germinal Center and Extrafollicular B Cell Responses in Vaccination, Immunity, and Autoimmunity. Immunity. 2020 Dec 15;53(6):1136–1150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunderson SC, Schuberth PC, Dunn AC, et al. Induction of exosome release in primary B cells stimulated via CD40 and the IL-4 receptor. J Immunol. 2008 Jun 15;180(12):8146–8152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurung S, Perocheau D, Touramanidou L, et al. The exosome journey: from biogenesis to uptake and intracellular signalling. Cell Commun Signal. 2021 Apr 23;19(1):47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia F, Deng C, Jiang Y, et al. IL4 (interleukin 4) induces autophagy in B cells leading to exacerbated asthma. Autophagy. 2018;14(3):450–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen YD, Fang YT, Cheng YL, et al. Exophagy of annexin A2 via RAB11, RAB8A and RAB27A in IFN-gamma-stimulated lung epithelial cells. Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 18;7(1):5676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YH, Kwak MS, Lee B, et al. Secretory autophagy machinery and vesicular trafficking are involved in HMGB1 secretion. Autophagy. 2021 Sep;17(9):2345–2362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin M, Klionsky DJ. Regulation of autophagy: modulation of the size and number of autophagosomes. FEBS Lett. 2014 Aug 1;588(15):2457–2463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wesemann DR, Magee JM, Boboila C, et al. Immature B cells preferentially switch to IgE with increased direct Sμ to Sε recombination. J. Exp. Med. 2011;208(13):2733–2746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raposo G, Nijman HW, Stoorvogel W, etal. B lymphocytes secrete antigen-presenting vesicles. J Exp Med. 1996 Mar 1;183(3):1161–1172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjørkøy G, Lamark T, Brech A, et al. p62/SQSTM1 forms protein aggregates degraded by autophagy and has a protective effect on huntingtin-induced cell death. J Cell Biol. 2005 Nov 21;171(4):603–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melo SA, Luecke LB, Kahlert C, et al. Glypican-1 identifies cancer exosomes and detects early pancreatic cancer. Nature. 2015 Jul 9;523(7559):177–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caivano A, Laurenzana I, De Luca L, et al. High serum levels of extracellular vesicles expressing malignancy-related markers are released in patients with various types of hematological neoplastic disorders. Tumour Biol. 2015 Dec;36(12):9739–9752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granger BL, Green SA, Gabel CA, et al. Characterization and cloning of lgp110, a lysosomal membrane glycoprotein from mouse and rat cells. J Biol Chem. 1990 Jul 15;265(20):12036–12043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes AQ, Ali BR, Ramalho JS, et al. Membrane targeting of Rab GTPases is influenced by the prenylation motif. Mol Biol Cell. 2003 May;14(5):1882–1899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallabhapurapu S, Karin M. Regulation and function of NF-kappaB transcription factors in the immune system. Annu Rev Immunol. 2009;27:693–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cancro MP. Signalling crosstalk in B cells: managing worth and need. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009 Sep;9(9):657–661.
   Google Scholar
• Sen R. Control of B lymphocyte apoptosis by the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Immunity. 2006 Dec;25(6):871–883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrowski M, Carmo NB, Krumeich S, et al. Rab27a and Rab27b control different steps of the exosome secretion pathway. Nat Cell Biol. 2010 Jan;12(1): 19-30; sup pp 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kariya Y, Honma M, Hanamura A, et al. Rab27a and Rab27b are involved in stimulation-dependent RANKL release from secretory lysosomes in osteoblastic cells. J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Apr;26(4):689–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song L, Tang S, Han X, et al. KIBRA controls exosome secretion via inhibiting the proteasomal degradation of Rab27a. Nat Commun. 2019 Apr 9;10(1):1639.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raposo G, Stoorvogel W. Extracellular vesicles: exosomes, microvesicles, and friends. J Cell Biol. 2013 Feb 18;200(4):373–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzas EI. The roles of extracellular vesicles in the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2022 Aug 4;1-15.
   Google Scholar
• Harris N, Gause WC. Gause. To B or not to B: B cells and the Th2-type immune response to helminths. Trends Immunol. 2011 Feb;32(2):80–88.
   Google Scholar
• Nakayama T, Hirahara K, Onodera A, et al. Th2 Cells in Health and Disease. Annu Rev Immunol. 2017 Apr 26;35:53–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellenbogen Y, Jiménez-Saiz R, Spill P, et al. The Initiation of Th2 Immunity Towards Food Allergens. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 May 12;19(5):1447–1464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smallwood DT, Apollonio B, Willimott S, et al. Extracellular vesicles released by CD40/IL-4-stimulated CLL cells confer altered functional properties to CD4+ T cells. Blood. 2016 Jul 28;128(4):542–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia H, Green DR, Zou W. Autophagy in tumour immunity and therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2021 May;21(5):281–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto K, Venida A, Yano J, et al. Autophagy promotes immune evasion of pancreatic cancer by degrading MHC-I. Nature. 2020 May;581(7806):100–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twitty CG, Jensen SM, Hu HM, et al. Tumor-derived autophagosome vaccine: induction of cross-protective immune responses against short-lived proteins through a p62-dependent mechanism. Clin Cancer Res. 2011 Oct 15;17(20):6467–6481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Wang LX, Pang P, et al. Tumor-derived autophagosome vaccine: mechanism of cross-presentation and therapeutic efficacy. Clin Cancer Res. 2011 Nov 15;17(22):7047–7057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laffleur B, Batista CR, Zhang W, et al. RNA exosome drives early B cell development via noncoding RNA processing mechanisms. Sci Immunol. 2022 Jun 3;7(72):eabn2738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang K, Han J, Gill JG, et al. The mammalian SKIV2L RNA exosome is essential for early B cell development. Sci Immunol. 2022 Jun 3;7(72):eabn2888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizushima N, Yamamoto A, Matsui M, et al. In vivo analysis of autophagy in response to nutrient starvation using transgenic mice expressing a fluorescent autophagosome marker. Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Mar;15(3):1101–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ran FA, Hsu PD, Wright J, et al. Genome engineering using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Nat Protoc. 2013 Nov;8(11):2281–2308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar