Molecular Biology Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutics of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

References

• Torre LA, Siegel RL, Ward EM, et al. Global Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates and Trends--An Update. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2016;25(1):16–27. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-0578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saraiva DP, Guadalupe Cabral M, Jacinto A, et al. How many diseases is triple negative breast cancer: the protagonism of the immune microenvironment. ESMO Open. 2017;2(4):e000208. doi:10.1136/esmoopen-2017-000208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–249. doi:10.3322/caac.21660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilani N, Zabor EC, Elson L, et al. Breast Cancer in the United States: a Cross-Sectional Overview. J Cancer Epidemiol. 2020;2020:6387378. doi:10.1155/2020/6387378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cancer Genome Atlas N. Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature. 2012;490(7418):61–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandoth C, McLellan MD, Vandin F, et al. Mutational landscape and significance across 12 major cancer types. Nature. 2013;502(7471):333–339. doi:10.1038/nature12634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhary LN, Wilkinson KH, Kong A. Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: who Should Receive Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy? Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2018;27(1):141–153. doi:10.1016/j.soc.2017.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer KR, Brown M, Cress RD, et al. Descriptive analysis of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, progesterone receptor (PR)-negative, and HER2-negative invasive breast cancer, the so-called triple-negative phenotype: a population-based study from the California cancer Registry. Cancer. 2007;109(9):1721–1728. doi:10.1002/cncr.22618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohler BA, Sherman RL, Howlader N, et al. Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer, 1975–2011, Featuring Incidence of Breast Cancer Subtypes by Race/Ethnicity, Poverty, and State. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015;107(6):djv048. doi:10.1093/jnci/djv048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma P. Biology and Management of Patients With Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Oncologist. 2016;21(9):1050–1062. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2016-0067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dent R, Trudeau M, Pritchard KI, et al. Triple-negative breast cancer: clinical features and patterns of recurrence. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(15 Pt 1):4429–4434. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-3045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin NU, Claus E, Sohl J, et al. Sites of distant recurrence and clinical outcomes in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: high incidence of central nervous system metastases. Cancer. 2008;113(10):2638–2645. doi:10.1002/cncr.23930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Fang C, Xu X, et al. Androgen receptor, EGFR, and BRCA1 as biomarkers in triple-negative breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:357485. doi:10.1155/2015/357485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gluz O, Liedtke C, Gottschalk N, et al. Triple-negative breast cancer--current status and future directions. Ann Oncol. 2009;20(12):1913–1927. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bando Y, Kobayashi T, Miyakami Y, et al. Triple-negative breast cancer and basal-like subtype: pathology and targeted therapy. J Med Invest. 2021;68(3.4):213–219. doi:10.2152/jmi.68.213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livasy CA, Karaca G, Nanda R, et al. Phenotypic evaluation of the basal-like subtype of invasive breast carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2006;19(2):264–271. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penault-Llorca F, Viale G. Pathological and molecular diagnosis of triple-negative breast cancer: a clinical perspective. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(Suppl 6):vi19–22. doi:10.1093/annonc/mds190
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gosling S, Scott R, Greenwood C, et al. Calcification Microstructure Reflects Breast Tissue Microenvironment. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2019;24(4):333–342. doi:10.1007/s10911-019-09441-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gokhale S. Ultrasound characterization of breast masses. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2009;19(3):242–247. doi:10.4103/0971-3026.54878
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berg WA, Zhang Z, Lehrer D, et al. Detection of breast cancer with addition of annual screening ultrasound or a single screening MRI to mammography in women with elevated breast cancer risk. JAMA. 2012;307(13):1394–1404. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff AC. Guideline Summary: American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists Guideline Recommendations for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor HER2 Testing in Breast Cancer. J Oncol Pract. 2007;3(1):48–50. doi:10.1200/JOP.0718501
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hammond ME, Hayes DF, Dowsett M, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists guideline recommendations for immunohistochemical testing of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer (unabridged version). Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2010;134(7):e48–72. doi:10.5858/134.7.e48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dass SA, Tan KL, Selva Rajan R, et al. Triple Negative Breast Cancer: a Review of Present and Future Diagnostic Modalities. Medicina. 2021;57(1).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perou CM, Sørlie T, Eisen MB, et al. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature. 2000;406(6797):747–752. doi:10.1038/35021093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah SP, Roth A, Goya R, et al. The clonal and mutational evolution spectrum of primary triple-negative breast cancers. Nature. 2012;486(7403):395–399. doi:10.1038/nature10933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorlie T, Perou CM, Tibshirani R, et al. Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(19):10869–10874. doi:10.1073/pnas.191367098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann BD, Bauer JA, Chen X, et al. Identification of human triple-negative breast cancer subtypes and preclinical models for selection of targeted therapies. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(7):2750–2767. doi:10.1172/JCI45014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann BD, Pietenpol JA. Identification and use of biomarkers in treatment strategies for triple-negative breast cancer subtypes. J Pathol. 2014;232(2):142–150. doi:10.1002/path.4280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson GR, Qian D, Ku JK, et al. Metaplastic breast cancer: clinical features and outcomes. Am Surg. 2005;71(9):725–730. doi:10.1177/000313480507100906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin L, Duan -J-J, Bian X-W, et al. Triple-negative breast cancer molecular subtyping and treatment progress. Breast Cancer Res. 2020;22(1):61. doi:10.1186/s13058-020-01296-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertucci F, Finetti P, Cervera N, et al. Gene expression profiling shows medullary breast cancer is a subgroup of basal breast cancers. Cancer Res. 2006;66(9):4636–4644. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes MJ, Thomas D, Emmons A, et al. Genetic changes of Wnt pathway genes are common events in metaplastic carcinomas of the breast. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14(13):4038–4044. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burstein MD, Tsimelzon A, Poage GM, et al. Comprehensive genomic analysis identifies novel subtypes and targets of triple-negative breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21(7):1688–1698. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-0432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curigliano G, Romieu G, Campone M, et al. A phase I/II trial of the safety and clinical activity of a HER2-protein based immunotherapeutic for treating women with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2016;156(2):301–310. doi:10.1007/s10549-016-3750-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prat A, Parker JS, Karginova O, et al. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of the claudin-low intrinsic subtype of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2010;12(5):R68. doi:10.1186/bcr2635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atchley DP, Albarracin CT, Lopez A, et al. Clinical and Pathologic Characteristics of Patients With BRCA -Positive and BRCA -Negative Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(26):4282–4288. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.16.6231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Ruijter TC, Veeck J, de Hoon JPJ, et al. Characteristics of triple-negative breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2011;137(2):183–192. doi:10.1007/s00432-010-0957-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engebraaten O, Vollan HKM, Borresen-Dale AL. Triple-negative breast cancer and the need for new therapeutic targets. Am J Pathol. 2013;183(4):1064–1074. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.05.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu X, Stern HM, Ge L, et al. Genetic alterations and oncogenic pathways associated with breast cancer subtypes. Mol Cancer Res. 2009;7(4):511–522. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-08-0107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Pinilla SM, Sarrio D, Honrado E, et al. Vimentin and laminin expression is associated with basal-like phenotype in both sporadic and BRCA1-associated breast carcinomas. J Clin Pathol. 2007;60(9):1006–1012. doi:10.1136/jcp.2006.042143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaafar R, Mnich K, Dolan S, et al. RIP2 enhances cell survival by activation of NF-kB in triple negative breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;497(1):115–121. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group (EBCTCG) E; Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative, G. Comparisons between different polychemotherapy regimens for early breast cancer: meta-analyses of long-term outcome among 100,000 women in 123 randomised trials. Lancet. 2012;379(9814):432–444. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61625-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rastogi P, Anderson SJ, Bear HD, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy: updates of National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocols B-18 and B-27. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(5):778–785. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.15.0235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Minckwitz G, Untch M, Blohmer J-U, et al. Definition and impact of pathologic complete response on prognosis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in various intrinsic breast cancer subtypes. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(15):1796–1804. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.38.8595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citron ML, Berry DA, Cirrincione C, et al. Randomized trial of dose-dense versus conventionally scheduled and sequential versus concurrent combination chemotherapy as postoperative adjuvant treatment of node-positive primary breast cancer: first report of Intergroup Trial C9741/Cancer and Leukemia Group B Trial 9741. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(8):1431–1439. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.09.081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gluz O, Nitz UA, Harbeck N, et al. Triple-negative high-risk breast cancer derives particular benefit from dose intensification of adjuvant chemotherapy: results of WSG AM-01 trial. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(5):861–870. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdm551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson IC, Berry DA, Demetri GD, et al. Improved outcomes from adding sequential Paclitaxel but not from escalating Doxorubicin dose in an adjuvant chemotherapy regimen for patients with node-positive primary breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(6):976–983. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.02.063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes DF, Thor AD, Dressler LG, et al. HER2 and response to paclitaxel in node-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(15):1496–1506. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa071167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conlin AK, Seidman AD. Taxanes in breast cancer: an update. Curr Oncol Rep. 2007;9(1):22–30. doi:10.1007/BF02951422
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Telli ML, Gradishar WJ, Ward JH. NCCN Guidelines Updates: breast Cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2019;17(5.5):552–555. doi:10.6004/jnccn.2019.5006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ring AE, Ellis PA. Taxanes in the treatment of early breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 2005;31(8):618–627. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2005.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alushin GM, Lander G, Kellogg E, et al. High-resolution microtubule structures reveal the structural transitions in alphabeta-tubulin upon GTP hydrolysis. Cell. 2014;157(5):1117–1129. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosca L, Ilari A, Fazi F, et al. Taxanes in cancer treatment: activity, chemoresistance and its overcoming. Drug Resist Updat. 2021;54:100742. doi:10.1016/j.drup.2020.100742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin M, Rodríguez-Lescure Á, Ruiz A, et al. Molecular predictors of efficacy of adjuvant weekly paclitaxel in early breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;123(1):149–157. doi:10.1007/s10549-009-0663-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparano JA, Wang M, Martino S, et al. Weekly paclitaxel in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(16):1663–1671. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0707056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juul N, Szallasi Z, Eklund AC, et al. Assessment of an RNA interference screen-derived mitotic and ceramide pathway metagene as a predictor of response to neoadjuvant paclitaxel for primary triple-negative breast cancer: a retrospective analysis of five clinical trials. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(4):358–365. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70018-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones S, Holmes FA, O’Shaughnessy J, et al. Docetaxel With Cyclophosphamide Is Associated With an Overall Survival Benefit Compared With Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide: 7-Year Follow-Up of US Oncology Research Trial 9735. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(8):1177–1183. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.18.4028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok JC, Richardson DR. Examination of the mechanism(s) involved in doxorubicin-mediated iron accumulation in ferritin: studies using metabolic inhibitors, protein synthesis inhibitors, and lysosomotropic agents. Mol Pharmacol. 2004;65(1):181–195. doi:10.1124/mol.65.1.181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trudeau M, Charbonneau F, Gelmon K, et al. Selection of adjuvant chemotherapy for treatment of node-positive breast cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6(11):886–898. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70424-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah AN, Gradishar WJ. Adjuvant Anthracyclines in Breast Cancer: what Is Their Role? Oncologist. 2018;23(10):1153–1161. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madondo MT, Quinn M, Plebanski M. Low dose cyclophosphamide: mechanisms of T cell modulation. Cancer Treat Rev. 2016;42:3–9. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Needham DJ, Lee JM, Beilharz MW. Intra-tumoural regulatory T cells: a potential new target in cancer immunotherapy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;343(3):684–691. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiyama D, Nishikawa H, Maeda Y, et al. Anti-CCR4 mAb selectively depletes effector-type FoxP3 + CD4 + regulatory T cells, evoking antitumor immune responses in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(44):17945–17950. doi:10.1073/pnas.1316796110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awwad M, North RJ. Cyclophosphamide (Cy)-facilitated adoptive immunotherapy of a Cy-resistant tumour. Evidence that Cy permits the expression of adoptive T-cell mediated immunity by removing suppressor T cells rather than by reducing tumour burden. Immunology. 1988;65(1):87–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoyama T, Makino H, Seki N, et al. Capecitabine + Epirubicin + Cyclophosphamide Combination Therapy (CEX Therapy) as Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for HER-2-Negative Breast Cancer: a Retrospective, Single-Center Study. J Nippon Med Sch. 2020;87(2):73–79. doi:10.1272/jnms.JNMS.2020_87-204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagstaff AJ, Ibbotson T, Goa KL. Capecitabine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the management of advanced breast cancer. Drugs. 2003;63(2):217–236. doi:10.2165/00003495-200363020-00009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda N, Lee S-J, Ohtani S, et al. Adjuvant Capecitabine for Breast Cancer after Preoperative Chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(22):2147–2159. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1612645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natori A, Ethier J-L, Amir E, et al. Capecitabine in early breast cancer: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Cancer. 2017;77:40–47. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2017.02.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida K, Miki Y. Role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 as regulators of DNA repair, transcription, and cell cycle in response to DNA damage. Cancer Sci. 2004;95(11):866–871. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb02195.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy RD, Quinn JE, Mullan PB, et al. The role of BRCA1 in the cellular response to chemotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96(22):1659–1668. doi:10.1093/jnci/djh312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner NC, Reis-Filho JS. Basal-like breast cancer and the BRCA1 phenotype. Oncogene. 2006;25(43):5846–5853. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrski T, Gronwald J, Huzarski T, et al. Pathologic Complete Response Rates in Young Women With BRCA1 -Positive Breast Cancers After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(3):375–379. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.20.7019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silver DP, Richardson AL, Eklund AC, et al. Efficacy of neoadjuvant Cisplatin in triple-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(7):1145–1153. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.22.4725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isakoff SJ, Mayer EL, He L, et al. TBCRC009: a Multicenter Phase II Clinical Trial of Platinum Monotherapy With Biomarker Assessment in Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(17):1902–1909. doi:10.1200/JCO.2014.57.6660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denkert C, Liedtke C, Tutt A, et al. Molecular alterations in triple-negative breast cancer-the road to new treatment strategies. Lancet. 2017;389(10087):2430–2442. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32454-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrski T, Dent R, Blecharz P, et al. Results of a phase II open-label, non-randomized trial of cisplatin chemotherapy in patients with BRCA1-positive metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2012;14(4):R110. doi:10.1186/bcr3231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis-Filho JS, Tutt AN. Triple negative tumours: a critical review. Histopathology. 2008;52(1):108–118. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02889.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobande F, Dušek L, Matějková A, et al. EGFR in triple negative breast carcinoma: significance of protein expression and high gene copy number. Cesk Patol. 2015;51(2):80–86.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carey KD, Garton AJ, Romero MS, et al. Kinetic analysis of epidermal growth factor receptor somatic mutant proteins shows increased sensitivity to the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, erlotinib. Cancer Res. 2006;66(16):8163–8171. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch TJ, Bell DW, Sordella R, et al. Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(21):2129–2139. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Minckwitz G, Jonat W, Fasching P, et al. A multicentre phase II study on gefitinib in taxane- and anthracycline-pretreated metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005;89(2):165–172. doi:10.1007/s10549-004-1720-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernsdorf M, Ingvar C, Jörgensen L, et al. Effect of adding gefitinib to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in estrogen receptor negative early breast cancer in a randomized phase II trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011;126(2):463–470. doi:10.1007/s10549-011-1352-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuler M, Awada A, Harter P, et al. A phase II trial to assess efficacy and safety of Afatinib in extensively pretreated patients with HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;134(3):1149–1159. doi:10.1007/s10549-012-2126-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakai K, Hung MC, Yamaguchi H. A perspective on anti-EGFR therapies targeting triple-negative breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res. 2016;6(8):1609–1623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribatti D, Nico B, Ruggieri S, et al. Angiogenesis and Antiangiogenesis in Triple-Negative Breast cancer. Transl Oncol. 2016;9(5):453–457. doi:10.1016/j.tranon.2016.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linderholm BK, Hellborg H, Johansson U, et al. Significantly higher levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and shorter survival times for patients with primary operable triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2009;20(10):1639–1646. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih T, Lindley C. Bevacizumab: an angiogenesis inhibitor for the treatment of solid malignancies. Clin Ther. 2006;28(11):1779–1802. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.11.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Minckwitz G, Eidtmann H, Rezai M, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and bevacizumab for HER2-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(4):299–309. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1111065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bear HD, Tang G, Rastogi P, et al. Bevacizumab added to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(4):310–320. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1111097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron D, Brown J, Dent R, et al. Adjuvant bevacizumab-containing therapy in triple-negative breast cancer (BEATRICE): primary results of a randomised, Phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(10):933–942. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70335-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marotti JD, de Abreu FB, Wells WA, et al. Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: next-Generation Sequencing for Target Identification. Am J Pathol. 2017;187(10):2133–2138. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.05.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marty B, Maire V, Gravier E, et al. Frequent PTEN genomic alterations and activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway in basal-like breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res. 2008;10(6):R101. doi:10.1186/bcr2204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baselga J, Campone M, Piccart M, et al. Everolimus in postmenopausal hormone-receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(6):520–529. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1109653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Green MC, Murray JL, et al. Open-label randomized clinical trial of standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy with paclitaxel followed by FEC versus the combination of paclitaxel and everolimus followed by FEC in women with triple receptor-negative breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(6):1122–1127. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdu124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangai T, Akcakanat A, Chen H, et al. Biomarkers of response to Akt inhibitor MK-2206 in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(20):5816–5828. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-1141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudis C. A Phase 1 study evaluating the combination of an allosteric AKT inhibitor (MK-2206) and trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive solid tumors. Breast Cancer Res. 2013;15(6):R110. doi:10.1186/bcr3577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SB, Dent R, Im SA, et al. Ipatasertib plus paclitaxel versus placebo plus paclitaxel as first-line therapy for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (LOTUS): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(10):1360–1372. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30450-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg JE. Atezolizumab in patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma who have progressed following treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy: a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10031):1909–1920. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00561-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribas A, Wolchok JD. Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade. Science. 2018;359(6382):1350–1355. doi:10.1126/science.aar4060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erber R, Hartmann A. Understanding PD-L1 Testing in Breast Cancer: a Practical Approach. Breast Care. 2020;15(5):481–490. doi:10.1159/000510812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topalian SL, Hodi FS, Brahmer JR, et al. Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(26):2443–2454. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audebert M, Salles B, Calsou P. Involvement of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and XRCC1/DNA ligase III in an alternative route for DNA double-strand breaks rejoining. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(53):55117–55126. doi:10.1074/jbc.M404524200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mateo J, Lord CJ, Serra V, et al. A decade of clinical development of PARP inhibitors in perspective. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(9):1437–1447. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdz192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer H, McCabe N, Lord CJ, et al. Targeting the DNA repair defect in BRCA mutant cells as a therapeutic strategy. Nature. 2005;434(7035):917–921. doi:10.1038/nature03445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner NC, Lord CJ, Iorns E, et al. A synthetic lethal siRNA screen identifying genes mediating sensitivity to a PARP inhibitor. EMBO J. 2008;27(9):1368–1377. doi:10.1038/emboj.2008.61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tutt ANJ, Garber JE, Kaufman B, et al. Adjuvant Olaparib for Patients with BRCA1 - or BRCA2 -Mutated Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(25):2394–2405. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2105215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tutt A, Robson M, Garber JE, et al. Oral poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor olaparib in patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations and advanced breast cancer: a proof-of-concept trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9737):235–244. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60892-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robson M, Im S-A, Senkus E, et al. Olaparib for Metastatic Breast Cancer in Patients with a Germline BRCA Mutation. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(6):523–533. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1706450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isakoff SJ, Puhalla S, Domchek SM, et al. A randomized Phase II study of veliparib with temozolomide or carboplatin/paclitaxel versus placebo with carboplatin/paclitaxel in BRCA1 / 2 metastatic breast cancer: design and rationale. Future Oncol. 2017;13(4):307–320. doi:10.2217/fon-2016-0412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somlo G, Frankel PH, Arun BK, et al. Efficacy of the PARP Inhibitor Veliparib with Carboplatin or as a Single Agent in Patients with Germline BRCA1 - or BRCA2 -Associated Metastatic Breast Cancer: California Cancer Consortium Trial NCT01149083. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23(15):4066–4076. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-2714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anampa J, Chen A, Wright J, et al. Phase I Trial of Veliparib, a Poly ADP Ribose Polymerase Inhibitor, Plus Metronomic Cyclophosphamide in Metastatic HER2-negative Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer. 2018;18(1):e135–e142. doi:10.1016/j.clbc.2017.08.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulfkuhle JD. Prediction of complete pathologic response to veliparib/carboplatin plus standard neoadjuvant therapy in HER2 negative breast cancer: exploratory protein pathway marker results from the I-SPY 2 trial. Cancer Res. 2016;76.
   Google Scholar
• Lee KH, Sohn J, Goodwin A, et al. Talazoparib versus Chemotherapy in Patients with HER2-Negative Advanced Breast Cancer and a Germline BRCA1/2 Mutation Enrolled in Asian Countries: exploratory Subgroup Analysis of the Phase III EMBRACA Trial. Cancer Res Treatment. 2021;53(4):1084–1095. doi:10.4143/crt.2020.1381
   Google Scholar
• Peters AA, Buchanan G, Ricciardelli C, et al. Androgen receptor inhibits estrogen receptor-alpha activity and is prognostic in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2009;69(15):6131–6140. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-0452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong YC, Xie B. The role of androgens in mammary carcinogenesis. Ital J Anat Embryol. 2001;106(2 Suppl 1):111–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vera-Badillo FE, Templeton AJ, de Gouveia P, et al. Androgen receptor expression and outcomes in early breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(1):djt319. doi:10.1093/jnci/djt319
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Narayanan R, Dalton JT. Androgen Receptor: a Complex Therapeutic Target for Breast Cancer. Cancers. 2016;8(12):108. doi:10.3390/cancers8120108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamczyk A, Niemiec J, Janecka A, et al. Prognostic value of PIK3CA mutation status, PTEN and androgen receptor expression for metastasis-free survival in HER2-positive breast cancer patients treated with trastuzumab in adjuvant setting. Pol J Pathol. 2015;66(2):133–141. doi:10.5114/pjp.2015.53009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann BD, Bauer JA, Schafer JM, et al. PIK3CA mutations in androgen receptor-positive triple negative breast cancer confer sensitivity to the combination of PI3K and androgen receptor inhibitors. Breast Cancer Res. 2014;16(4):406. doi:10.1186/s13058-014-0406-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Stemke-Hale K, Palla SL, et al. Androgen receptor levels and association with PIK3CA mutations and prognosis in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(7):2472–2478. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gucalp A, Tolaney S, Isakoff SJ, et al. Phase II trial of bicalutamide in patients with androgen receptor-positive, estrogen receptor-negative metastatic Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19(19):5505–5512. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-3327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traina TA, Miller K, Yardley DA, et al. Results from a phase 2 study of enzalutamide (ENZA), an androgen receptor (AR) inhibitor, in advanced AR plus triplenegative breast cancer (TNBC). J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(15):1003. doi:10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.1003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas A, Teicher BA, Hassan R. Antibody-drug conjugates for cancer therapy. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(6):e254–e262. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30030-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponziani S, Di Vittorio G, Pitari G, et al. Antibody-Drug Conjugates: the New Frontier of Chemotherapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(15):5510. doi:10.3390/ijms21155510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardia A, Hurvitz SA, Tolaney SM, et al. Sacituzumab Govitecan in Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(16):1529–1541. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2028485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg DM, Cardillo TM, Govindan SV, et al. Trop-2 is a novel target for solid cancer therapy with sacituzumab govitecan (IMMU-132), an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). Oncotarget. 2015;6(26):22496–22512. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.4318
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bardia A, Mayer IA, Diamond JR, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Anti-Trop-2 Antibody Drug Conjugate Sacituzumab Govitecan (IMMU-132) in Heavily Pretreated Patients With Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(19):2141–2148. doi:10.1200/JCO.2016.70.8297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardia A, Mayer IA, Vahdat LT, et al. Sacituzumab Govitecan-hziy in Refractory Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(8):741–751. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1814213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modi S, Park H, Murthy RK, et al. Antitumor Activity and Safety of Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in Patients With HER2-Low-Expressing Advanced Breast Cancer: results From a Phase Ib Study. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(17):1887–1896. doi:10.1200/JCO.19.02318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passegue E. Cancer biology: a game of subversion. Nature. 2006;442(7104):754–755. doi:10.1038/442754a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creighton CJ, Li X, Landis M, et al. Residual breast cancers after conventional therapy display mesenchymal as well as tumor-initiating features. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(33):13820–13825. doi:10.1073/pnas.0905718106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charafe-Jauffret E, Ginestier C, Iovino F, et al. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1-positive cancer stem cells mediate metastasis and poor clinical outcome in inflammatory breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16(1):45–55. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang EH, Hynes MJ, Zhang T, et al. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 is a marker for normal and malignant human colonic stem cells (SC) and tracks SC overpopulation during colon tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 2009;69(8):3382–3389. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pontier SM, Muller WJ. Integrins in mammary-stem-cell biology and breast-cancer progression--a role in cancer stem cells? J Cell Sci. 2009;122(Pt 2):207–214. doi:10.1242/jcs.040394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marotta LL, Almendro V, Marusyk A, et al. The JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway is required for growth of CD44(+)CD24(-) stem cell-like breast cancer cells in human tumors. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(7):2723–2735. doi:10.1172/JCI44745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiMeo TA, Anderson K, Phadke P, et al. A novel lung metastasis signature links Wnt signaling with cancer cell self-renewal and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in basal-like breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2009;69(13):5364–5373. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhola NE, Balko JM, Dugger TC, et al. TGF-beta inhibition enhances chemotherapy action against triple-negative breast cancer. J Clin Invest. 2013;123(3):1348–1358. doi:10.1172/JCI65416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S, Dontu G, Mantle ID, et al. Hedgehog signaling and Bmi-1 regulate self-renewal of normal and malignant human mammary stem cells. Cancer Res. 2006;66(12):6063–6071. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison H, Farnie G, Howell SJ, et al. Regulation of breast cancer stem cell activity by signaling through the Notch4 receptor. Cancer Res. 2010;70(2):709–718. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-1681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee KL, Kuo Y-C, Ho Y-S, et al. Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: current Understanding and Future Therapeutic Breakthrough Targeting Cancer Stemness. Cancers. 2019;11(9):1334. doi:10.3390/cancers11091334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding L, Gu H, Xiong X, et al. MicroRNAs Involved in Carcinogenesis, Prognosis, Therapeutic Resistance and Applications in Human Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cells. 2019;8(12):1492. doi:10.3390/cells8121492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes J, Peruzzi PP, Lawler S. MicroRNAs in cancer: biomarkers, functions and therapy. Trends Mol Med. 2014;20(8):460–469. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2014.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukianova NY, Borikun TV, Chekhun VF. Tumor microenvironment-derived miRNAs as prognostic markers of breast cancer. Exp Oncol. 2019;41(3):242–247. doi:10.32471/exp-oncology.2312-8852.vol-41-no-3.13615
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fan C, Liu N, Zheng D, et al. MicroRNA-206 inhibits metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer by targeting transmembrane 4 L6 family member 1. Cancer Manag Res. 2019;11:6755–6764. doi:10.2147/CMAR.S199027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi P, Chen C, Li X, et al. MicroRNA124 suppresses cell proliferation and invasion of triple negative breast cancer cells by targeting STAT3. Mol Med Rep. 2019;19(5):3667–3675. doi:10.3892/mmr.2019.10044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najminejad H, Kalantar SM, Abdollahpour‐Alitappeh M, et al. Emerging roles of exosomal miRNAs in breast cancer drug resistance. IUBMB Life. 2019;71(11):1672–1684. doi:10.1002/iub.2116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu M, Gong C, Xu R, et al. MicroRNA-5195-3p enhances the chemosensitivity of triple-negative breast cancer to paclitaxel by downregulating EIF4A2. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 2019;24(1):47. doi:10.1186/s11658-019-0168-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tormo E, Ballester S, Adam-Artigues A, et al. The miRNA-449 family mediates doxorubicin resistance in triple-negative breast cancer by regulating cell cycle factors. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):5316. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41472-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rupaimoole R, Calin GA, Lopez-Berestein G, et al. miRNA Deregulation in Cancer Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Discov. 2016;6(3):235–246. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-15-0893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronisz A, Godlewski J, Wallace JA, et al. Reprogramming of the tumour microenvironment by stromal PTEN-regulated miR-320. Nat Cell Biol. 2011;14(2):159–167. doi:10.1038/ncb2396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baroni S, Romero-Cordoba S, Plantamura I, et al. Exosome-mediated delivery of miR-9 induces cancer-associated fibroblast-like properties in human breast fibroblasts. Cell Death Dis. 2016;7(7):e2312. doi:10.1038/cddis.2016.224
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qattan A. Novel miRNA Targets and Therapies in the Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Microenvironment: an Emerging Hope for a Challenging Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(23):8905. doi:10.3390/ijms21238905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar