358
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Sialorrhea in Parkinson’s disease: prevalence, impact and management strategies

, &
Pages 17-28 | Published online: 03 Jul 2019

References

  • Kalf H, Zwart B, Bonnier M, et al. Logopedie Bij De Ziekte Van Parkinson. Den Haag: Lemma; 2008.
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Parkinson’s Disease in Adults: NICE Guideline NG71. London, GB: NICE; 2017.
  • Miller N. Swallowing in Parkinson’s disease: clinical issues and management. Neurodegener Dis Manag. 2017;7(3):205–217. doi:10.2217/nmt-2017-0006
  • Dawes C, Pedersen AML, Villa A, et al. The functions of human saliva: a review sponsored by the world workshop on oral medicine VI. Arch Oral Biol. 2015;60(6):863–874. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.03.004
  • Ekström J, Khosravani N, Castagnola M, Messana I. . Saliva and the control of its secretion. In: Ekberg O, editor. Dysphagia: Diagnosis and Treatment. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019:21–57.
  • Pedersen AML, Sørensen CE, Proctor GB, Carpenter GH. Salivary functions in mastication, taste and textural perception, swallowing and initial digestion. Oral Dis. 2018;24(8):1399–1416. doi:10.1111/odi.12867
  • Lear CSC, Flanagan JB Jr, Moorrees CFA. The frequency of deglutition in man. Arch Oral Biol. 1965;10(1):83–115.
  • Rudney JD, Ji Z, Larson CJ. The prediction of saliva swallowing frequency in humans from estimates of salivary flow rate and the volume of saliva swallowed. Arch Oral Biol. 1995;40:507–512.
  • Moritsuka M, Kitasako Y, Burrow MF, Ikeda M, Tagami J, Nomura S. Quantitative assessment for stimulated saliva flow rate and buffering capacity in relation to different ages. J Dent. 2006;34(9):716–720. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2006.01.004
  • Flink H, Tegelberg Å, Lagerlöf F. Influence of the time of measurement of unstimulated human whole saliva on the diagnosis of hyposalivation. Arch Oral Biol. 2005;50(6):553–559. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2004.10.015
  • Lichter I, Muir RC. The pattern of swallowing during sleep. Electroencephalography Clin Neurophysiol. 1975;38(4):427–432. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(75)90267-9
  • Saleh J, Figueiredo MAZ, Cherubini K, Salum FG. Salivary hypofunction: an update on aetiology, diagnosis and therapeutics. Arch Oral Biol. 2015;2:242–255. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.10.004
  • Heft MW, Baum BJ. Unstimulated and stimulated parotid salivary flow rate in individuals of different ages. J Dent Res. 1984;63(10):1182–1185. doi:10.1177/00220345840630100101
  • Smith CH, Boland B, Daureeawoo Y, Donaldson E, Small K, Tuomainen J. Effect of aging on stimulated salivary flow in adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(5):805–808. doi:10.1111/jgs.2013.61.issue-5
  • Yamamoto K, Kurihara M, Matsusue Y, Imanishi M, Tsuyuki M, Kirita T. Whole saliva flow rate and body profile in healthy young adults. Arch Oral Biol. 2009;54(5):464–469. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.02.004
  • Inoue H, Ono K, Masuda W, et al. Gender difference in unstimulated whole saliva flow rate and salivary gland sizes. Arch Oral Biol. 2006;51(12):1055–1060. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.06.010
  • Vissink A, Spijkervet FKL, Amerongen AVN. Aging and saliva: a review of the literature. Spec Care Dent. 1996;16(3):95–103.
  • Peyron M-A, Gierczynski I, Hartmann C, et al. Role of physical bolus properties as sensory inputs in the trigger of swallowing. PLoSONE. 2011;6(6):e21167. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021167
  • Barbe AG, Ludwar L, Scharfenberg I, et al. Circadian rhythms and influencing factors of xerostomia among Parkinson’s disease patients. Oral Dis. 2019;25(1):282–289. doi:10.1111/odi.12942
  • Wolff A, Joshi RK, Ekström J, et al. A guide to medications inducing salivary gland dysfunction, xerostomia, and subjective sialorrhea: a systematic review. Drugs R D. 2017;17(1):1–28. doi:10.1007/s40268-016-0153-9
  • Barbe AG. Medication-induced xerostomia and hyposalivation in the elderly: culprits, complications, and management. Drugs Aging. 2018;35(10):877–885. doi:10.1007/s40266-018-0588-5
  • Barbe AG, Bock N, Derman SHM, Felsch M, Timmermann L, Noack MJ. Self-assessment of oral health, dental health care and oral health-related quality of life among Parkinson’s disease patients. Gerodontology. 2017;34(1):135–143. doi:10.1111/ger.12237
  • Ou R, Guo X, Wei Q, et al. Prevalence and clinical correlates of drooling in Parkinson disease: a study on 518 Chinese patients. Parks Rel Dis. 2015;21(3):211–215. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.12.004
  • Ou RW, Guo XY, Wei QQ, et al. Diurnal drooling in Chinese patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci. 2015;353(1–2):74–78. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2015.04.007
  • Muller B, Larsen JP, Wentzel-Larsen T, Skeie GO, Tysnes OB, ParkWest Study G. Autonomic and sensory symptoms and signs in incident, untreated Parkinson’s disease: frequent but mild. Mov Disord. 2011;26(1):65–72. doi:10.1002/mds.23387
  • Kalf J, Bloem B, Munneke M. Diurnal and nocturnal drooling in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol. 2012;259(1):119–123.
  • Kalf JG, de Swart BJM, Borm GF, Bloem BR, Munneke M. Prevalence and definition of drooling in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. J Neurol. 2009;256(9):1391–1396.
  • Leibner J, Ramjit A, Sedig L, et al. The impact of and the factors associated with drooling in Parkinson’s disease. Parks Rel Dis. 2010;16(7):475–477. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.12.003
  • Perez-Lloret S, Nègre-Pagès L, Ojero-Senard A, et al. Oro-buccal symptoms (dysphagia, dysarthria, and sialorrhea) in patients with PD. Eur J Neurology. 2012;19(1):28–37. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03402.x
  • Nienstedt JC, Buhmann C, Bihler M, et al. Drooling is no early sign of dysphagia in PD. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2018;30:4. doi:10.1111/nmo.2018.30.issue-4
  • Fereshtehnejad SM, Skogar O, Lokk J. Evolution of orofacial symptoms and disease progression in idiopathic PD: longitudinal data from the Jonkoping Parkinson registry. Parkinsons Dis. 2017;2017:1–8. doi:10.1155/2017/7802819
  • Cersosimo MG, Raina GB, Pecci C, et al. Gastrointestinal manifestations in PD: prevalence and occurrence before motor symptoms. J Neurol. 2013;260(5):1332–1338.
  • Rana AQ, Yousuf MS, Awan N, Fattah A. Impact of progression of PD on drooling in various ethnic groups. Eur Neurol. 2012;67(5):312–314.
  • Edwards LL, Pfeiffer RF, Quigley EMM, Hofman R, Balluff M. Gastrointestinal symptoms in PD. Mov Disord. 1991;6(2):151–156. doi:10.1002/mds.870060211
  • Rizos A, Martinez-Martin P, Odin P, et al. Characterizing motor and non-motor aspects of early-morning off periods in PD. Parks Rel Dis. 2014;20(11):1231–1235. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.09.013
  • Villa A, Wolff A, Narayana N, et al. A systematic review of medication-induced salivary gland dysfunction. Oral Dis. 2016;22(5):365–382. doi:10.1111/odi.12402
  • Nobrega AC, Rodrigues B, Torres AC, Scarpel RD, Neves CA, Melo A. Is drooling secondary to a swallowing disorder in patients with PD? Parks Rel Dis. 2008;14(3):243–245. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2007.08.003
  • Proulx M, de Courval FP, Wiseman MA, Panisset M. Salivary production in PD. Mov Disord. 2005;20(2):204–207. doi:10.1111/odi.12942
  • Kalf JG, Munneke M, van Den Engel-Hoek L, et al. Pathophysiology of diurnal drooling in PD. Mov Disord. 2011;26(9):1670–1676. doi:10.1002/mds.23720
  • Kalf J, Smit A, Bloem B, Zwarts M, Munneke M. Impact of drooling in PD. J Neurol. 2007;254(9):1227–1232.
  • Rajiah K, Maharajan MK, Yeen SJ, Lew S. Quality of life and caregivers’ burden of PD. Neuroepidemiol. 2017;48(3–4):131–137. doi:10.1159/000479031
  • Barone P, Antonini A, Colosimo C, et al. Multicenter assessment of nonmotor symptoms and their impact on quality of life in PD. Mov Disord. 2009;24(11):1641–1649. doi:10.1002/mds.22643
  • Karakoc M, Yon MI, Cakmakli GY, et al. Pathophysiology underlying drooling in PD: oropharyngeal bradykinesia. Neurol Sci. 2016;37(12):1987–1991. doi:10.1007/s10072-016-2708-5
  • Jenkinson C, Fitzpatrick RAY, Peto VIV, Greenhall R, Hyman N. The Parkinson’s disease questionnaire: development and validation of a D summary index score. Age Ageing. 1997;26(5):353–357. doi:10.1093/ageing/26.5.353
  • Bagheri H, Damase-Michel C, Lapeyre-Mestre M, et al. A study of salivary secretion in PD. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1999;22(4):213–215.
  • Tumilasci OR, Cersosimo MG, Belforte JE, Micheli FE, Benarroch EE, Pazo JH. Quantitative study of salivary secretion in PD. Mov Disord. 2006;21(5):660–667. doi:10.1002/mds.20784
  • Kusbeci OY, Koken T, Demirbas H, Koca B. Sialorrhea and salivary composition in patients with PD. JNeurol Sci Turkish. 2009;26(3):264–270.
  • Mollenhauer B, Trautmann E, Sixel-Doring F, et al. Nonmotor and diagnostic findings in subjects with de novo PD of the DeNoPa cohort. Neurology. 2013;81(14):1226–1234. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a6cbd5
  • Hou Y, Luo C, Yang J, et al. A resting-state fMRI study on early-stage drug-naïve PD patients with drooling. Neurosci Lett. 2016;634:119–125. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.10.007
  • Rana AQ, Khondker S, Kabir A, Owalia A, Khondker S, Emre M. Impact of cognitive dysfunction on drooling in Parkinson’s disease. Eur Neurol. 2013;70(1–2):42–45. doi:10.1159/000348571
  • Fukuoka T, Ono T, Hori K, et al. Tongue pressure measurement and videofluoroscopic study of swallowing in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Dysphagia. 2019;34(1):80–88. doi:10.1007/s00455-018-9916-5
  • Mao CJ, Xiong YT, Wang F, et al. Motor subtypes and other risk factors associated with drooling in Parkinson’s disease patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 2018;137(5):509–514. doi:10.1111/ane.12893
  • Ou RW, Guo XY, Song W, et al. Characteristics of non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease exhibiting camptocormia. Gait Posture. 2014;40(3):447–450. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.05.011
  • Brodsky M, Abbott K, McNeil M, Palmer C, Grayhack J, Martin-Harris B. Effects of divided attention on swallowing in persons with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Dysphagia. 2012;27(3):390–400. doi:10.1007/s00455-011-9381-x
  • Reynolds H, Miller N, Walker R. Drooling in Parkinson’s disease: evidence of a role for divided attention. Dysphagia. 2018;33(6):809–817. doi:10.1007/s00455-018-9906-7
  • Persson M, Osterberg T, Granerus AK, Karlsson S. Influence of Parkinsons disease on oral health. Acta Odont Scandin. 1992;50(1):37–42. doi:10.3109/00016359209012744
  • Srivanitchapoom P, Pandey S, Hallett M. Drooling in Parkinson’s disease: a review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20(11):1109–1118. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.08.013
  • Sutton JP. Dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease is responsive to levodopa. Parkins Relat Disord. 2013;19(3):282–284. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.11.007
  • Thobois S, Mertens P, Guenot M, et al. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol. 2002;249(5):529–534.
  • Troche MS, Brandimore AE, Foote KD, Okun MS. Swallowing and deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Parks Related Disord. 2013;19(9):783–788. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.05.001
  • Xu C, Zhuang P, Hallett M, Zhang Y, Li J, Li Y. Parkinson’s disease motor subtypes show different responses to long-term subthalamic nucleus stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci. 2018;12:365. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00352
  • Xie T, Bloom L, Padmanaban M, et al. Long-term effect of low frequency stimulation of STN on dysphagia, freezing of gait and other motor symptoms in PD. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;89(9):989–994. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2018-318060
  • Yin ZX, Cao Y, Zheng SY, et al. Persistent adverse effects following different targets and periods after bilateral deep brain stimulation in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci. 2018;393:116–127. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2018.08.016
  • Varoni EM, Federighi V, Decani S, Carrassi A, Lodi G, Sardella A. The effect of clinical setting on the unstimulated salivary flow rate. Arch Oral Biol. 2016;69:7–12. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.05.001
  • Miller N. Communication changes in Parkinson’s disease. Pract Neurol. 2017;17(4):266–274. doi:10.1136/practneurol-2017-001635
  • Noble E, Jones D, Miller N. Perceived changes to swallowing in people with Parkinson’s disease. Int J Therapy and Rehab. 2015;22(12):573–581. doi:10.12968/ijtr.2015.22.12.573
  • Cersosimo MG, Raina GB, Calandra CR, et al. Dry mouth: an overlooked autonomic symptom of Parkinson’s disease. J Parkinsons Dis. 2011;1(2):169–173.
  • Navazesh M, Kumar SKS. Measuring salivary flow: challenges and opportunities. J Am Dental Assoc. 2008;139:35S–40S. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0353
  • Jongerius PH, van Limbeek J, Rotteveel JJ. Assessment of salivary flow rate: biologic variation and measure error. Laryngoscope. 2004;114(10):1801–1804. doi:10.1097/00005537-200410000-00023
  • Raciti L, Nicoletti A, Mostile G, et al. Accuracy of MDS-UPDRS section IV for detecting motor fluctuations in PD. Neurol Sci. 2019;40(6):1271–1273. doi:10.1007/s10072-019-03745-2
  • van Hulst K, Lindeboom R, van der Burg JAN, Jongerius P. Accurate assessment of drooling severity with the 5 min drooling quotient in children with developmental disabilities. Devel Med Child Neurol. 2012;54(12):1121–1126. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04428.x
  • Golabbakhsh M, Rajaei A, Derakhshan M, Sadri S, Taheri M, Adibi P. Automated acoustic analysis in detection of spontaneous swallows in PD. Dysphagia. 2014;29(5):572–577. doi:10.1007/s00455-014-9547-4
  • Perez-Lloret S, Pirán-Arce G, Rossi M, Caivano-Nemet ML, Salsamendi P, Merello M. Validation of a new scale for the evaluation of sialorrhea in patients with PD. Mov Disord. 2007;22(1):107–111. doi:10.1002/mds.21152
  • Kalf JG, Borm GF, de Swart BJ, Bloem BR, Zwarts MJ, Munneke M. Reproducibility and validity of patient-rated assessment of speech, swallowing, and saliva control in PD. Arch Phys Med Rehab. 2011;92(7):1152–1158. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2011.02.011
  • Thomas-Stonell N, Greenberg J. Three treatment approaches and clinical factors in the reduction of drooling. Dysphagia. 1988;3(2):73–78.
  • Reid SM, Johnson HM, Reddihough DS. The Drooling Impact Scale: a measure of the impact of drooling in children with developmental disabilities. Devel Med Child Neurol. 2010;52(2):e23–e8. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03519.x
  • Hauser RA, Deckers F, Lehert P. Parkinson’s Disease home diary: further validation and implications for clinical trials. Mov Disord. 2004;19(12):1409–1413. doi:10.1002/mds.20248
  • McNaney R, Miller N, Olivier P, Vines J, Walker R. The feasibility and acceptability of using a novel wrist worn cueing device to self-manage drooling problems in people with Parkinson’s disease. J Rehab Assistive Technol Eng. 2019;6:1–11. doi:10.1177/2055668319852529
  • Goetz CG, Tilley BC, Shaftman SR, et al. MDS-sponsored revision of the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results. Mov Disord. 2008;23(15):2129–2170. doi:10.1002/mds.22340
  • Evatt ML, Chaudhuri KR, Chou KL, et al. Dysautonomia rating scales in PD: sialorrhea, dysphagia, and constipation – critique and recommendations by MDS task-force on rating scales for PD. Mov Disord. 2009;24(5):635–646. doi:10.1002/mds.22260
  • Chaudhuri KR, Martinez-Martin P, Brown RG, et al. Metric properties of a novel non-motor symptoms scale for PD. Mov Disord. 2007;22:1901–1911. doi:10.1002/mds.21596
  • Rodriguez-Blazquez C, Forjaz MJ, Frades-Payo B, et al. Independent validation of the scales for outcomes in PD-autonomic (SCOPA-AUT). Eur J Neurology. 2010;17(2):194–201. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02788.x
  • Rozas NS, Sadowsky JM, Jones DJ, Jeter CB. Incorporating oral health into interprofessional care teams for patients with PD. Parks Rel Dis. 2017;43(SuppC):9–14. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.07.012
  • Plemons JM, Al-Hashimi I, Marek CL. Managing xerostomia and salivary gland hypofunction. J Am Dental Assoc. 2014;145(8):867–873. doi:10.14219/jada.2014.44
  • Challacombe SJ, Osailan SM, Proctor GB. . Clinical scoring scales for assessment of dry mouth. In: Carpenter G, editor. Dry Mouth: A Clinical Guide on Causes, Effects and Treatments. Berlin: Springer; 2015:119–132.
  • McDonnell MN, Rischbieth B, Schammer TT, Seaforth C, Shaw AJ, Phillips AC. LSVT-BIG to improve motor function in people with PD: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2018;32(5):607–618. doi:10.1177/0269215517734385
  • Dumer AI, Oster H, McCabe D, et al. Effects of the LSVT LOUD on hypomimia in PD. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2014;20(3):302–312. doi:10.1017/S1355617714000046
  • Elefant C, Baker FA, Lotan M, Lagesen SK, Skeie GO. Effect of group music therapy on mood, speech, and singing in individuals with PD: feasibility study. J Music Therapy. 2012;49(3):278–302. doi:10.1093/jmt/49.3.278
  • Ricciardi L, Baggio P, Ricciardi D, et al. Rehabilitation of hypomimia in PD: feasibility study of two different approaches. Neurol Sci. 2016;37(3):431–436. doi:10.1007/s10072-015-2421-9
  • Marks L, Turner K, O’Sullivan J, Deighton B, Lees A. Drooling in PD: novel speech and language therapy intervention. Int J Lang Comm Dis. 2001;36:282–287. doi:10.3109/13682820109177898
  • Salum FG, Medella FDC, Figueiredo MAZ, Cherubini K. Salivary hypofunction: update on therapeutic strategies. Gerodontology. 2018;35(4):305–316. doi:10.1111/ger.12353
  • Assery MKA. Efficacy of artificial salivary substitutes in treatment of xerostomia: systematic review. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2019;11:1–12. doi:10.4103/JPBS.JPBS_220_18
  • Dost F, Farah CS. Stimulating the discussion on saliva substitutes: a clinical perspective. Austral Dental J. 2013;58(1):11–17. doi:10.1111/adj.12023
  • South AR, Somers SM, Jog MS. Gum chewing improves swallow frequency and latency in Parkinson patients: preliminary study. Neurol. 2010;74(15):1198–1202. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181d9002b
  • Dietsch AM, A Pelletier C, Solomon NP. Saliva production and enjoyment of real-food flavors in people with and without dysphagia and/or xerostomia. Dysphagia. 2018;33(6):803–808. doi:10.1007/s00455-018-9905-8
  • Seppi K, Weintraub D, Coelho M, et al. MDS evidence-based medicine review update: treatments for the non-motor symptoms of PD. Mov Disord. 2011;26:S42–S80. doi:10.1002/mds.23884
  • Arbouw MEL, Movig KLL, Koopmann M, et al. Glycopyrrolate for sialorrhea in PD. Randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Neurol. 2010;74(15):1203–1207. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181d8c1b7
  • Hyson HC, Johnson AM, Jog MS. Sublingual atropine for sialorrhea secondary to parkinsonism: pilot study. Mov Disord. 2002;17(6):1318–1320. doi:10.1002/mds.10276
  • Thomsen TR, Galpern WR, Asante A, Arenovich T, Fox SH. Ipratropium bromide spray as treatment for sialorrhea in PD. Mov Disord. 2007;22(15):2268–2273. doi:10.1002/mds.21730
  • Chou KL, Evatt M, Hinson V, Kompoliti K. Sialorrhea in PD: review. Mov Disord. 2007;22:2306–2313. doi:10.1002/mds.21646
  • Petracca M, Guidubaldi A, Ricciardi L, et al. Botulinum toxin A and B in sialorrhea: long-term data and literature overview. Toxicon. 2015;107:129–140. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.014
  • Gomez-Caravaca MT, Caceres-Redondo MT, Huertas-Fernandez I, et al. The use of botulinum toxin in the treatment of sialorrhea in Parkinsonian disorders. Neurological Sciences. 2015;36(2):275–279. doi:10.1007/s10072-014-1950-y
  • Lagalla G, Millevolte M, Capecci M, Provinciali L, Ceravolo MG. Long-lasting benefits of botulinum toxin type B in PD-related drooling. J Neurol. 2009;256(4):563–567.
  • Mancini F, Zangaglia R, Cristina S, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of drooling in Parkinsonism. Mov Disord. 2003;18(6):685–688. doi:10.1002/mds.10420
  • Martinez-Poles J, Nedkova-Hristova V, Escribano-Paredes JB, et al. Incobotulinumtoxin A for sialorrhea in neurological disorders: a real-life experience. Toxins. 2018;10:6. doi:10.3390/toxins10010035
  • Restivo DA, Panebianco M, Casabona A, et al. Botulinum toxin A for sialorrhoea associated with neurological disorders: evaluation of the relationship between effect of treatment and the number of glands treated. Toxins. 2018;10:2. doi:10.3390/toxins10010035
  • Chinnapongse R, Gullo K, Nemeth P, Zhang Y, Griggs L. Safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin type B for treatment of sialorrhea in PD: prospective double-blind trial. Mov Disord. 2012;27(2):219–226. doi:10.1002/mds.23929
  • Ondo WG, Hunter C, Moore W. Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of botulinum toxin B for sialorrhea in PD. Neurology. 2004;62(1):37–40. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000101713.81253.4c
  • Egevad G, Petkova VY, Vilholm OJ. Sialorrhea in patients with Parkinson’s disease: safety and administration of botulinum neurotoxin. J Parkinsons Dis. 2014;4(3):321–326.
  • Lagalla G, Millevolte M, Capecci M, Provinciali L, Ceravolo MG. Botulinum toxin type A for drooling in PD: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord. 2006;21(5):704–707. doi:10.1002/mds.20793
  • Sridharan K, Sivaramakrishnan G. Pharmacological interventions for treating sialorrhea associated with neurological disorders: mixed treatment network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Neurosci. 2018;51:12–17. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2018.02.011
  • Naumann M, Dressler D, Hallett M, et al. Evidence-based review and assessment of botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of secretory disorders. Toxicon. 2013;67:141–152. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.10.020
  • Jost WH. The option of sonographic guidance in botulinum toxin injection for drooling in PD. J Neural Transmission. 2016;123(1):51–55. doi:10.1007/s00702-015-1416-2
  • Narayanaswami P, Geisbush T, Tarulli A, et al. Drooling in PD: randomized controlled trial of incobotulinum toxin A and meta-analysis of Botulinum toxins. Parks Related Disord. 2016;30:73–77. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.07.001
  • Nordgarden H, Osterhus I, Moystad A, et al. Drooling: are botulinum toxin injections into the major salivary glands a good treatment option? J Child Neurol. 2012;27(4):458–464. doi:10.1177/0883073811419365
  • Tiigimae-Saar J, Taba P, Tamme T. Does botulinum neurotoxin type A treatment for sialorrhea change oral health? Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21(3):795–800. doi:10.1007/s00784-016-1826-z
  • Ozturk K, Erdur O, Gul O, Olmez A. Feasibility of endoscopic submandibular ganglion neurectomy for drooling. Laryngoscope. 2017;127(7):1604–1607. doi:10.1002/lary.26557
  • Postma AG, Heesters M, van Laar T. Radiotherapy to the salivary glands as treatment of sialorrhea in patients with Parkinsonism. Mov Disord. 2007;22(16):2430–2435. doi:10.1002/mds.21752
  • Weikamp JG, Schinagl DAX, Verstappen CCP, Schelhaas HJ, de Swart BJM, Kalf JG. Botulinum toxin-A injections vs radiotherapy for drooling in ALS. Acta Neurol Scan. 2016;134(3):224–231. doi:10.1111/ane.12559
  • Hawkey NM, Zaorsky NG, Galloway TJ. Role of radiation therapy in the management of sialorrhea: systematic review. Laryngoscope. 2016;126(1):80–85. doi:10.1002/lary.25444