Understanding hijab-wearing behaviour among female university students: an empirical examination of cultural influence, family influence, and personal preference

References

• Abdul Fatah, F. 2022. “Gender, Religion and Identity: Discursive Constructions of ‘Non-veiling’among Non-Veiled Malaysian Muslim Women.” Journal of Multicultural Discourses 1 (3): 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/17447143.2022.2155656.
   Google Scholar
• Aguirre-Urreta, M. I., and J. Hu. 2019. “Detecting Common Method Bias: Performance of the Harman’s Single-Factor Test.” ACM SIGMIS Database: The DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems 50 (2): 45–70. https://doi.org/10.1145/3330472.3330477.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmad, N., I. A. Sajid, S. R. Ali, and S. Shah. 2014. “Hijab: A Sociological Analysis of the use and Advantages of Hijab Among Female University Students in Pakhtun Society.” Pakistan Journal of Women’s Studies 21 (1): 105–124.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmadi, E., S. Adlipour, and S. A. Mirmohammad Tabar. 2014. “Family Institution, Life Style and Tendency Towards Hijab.” Sociology of Social Institutions 1 (3): 151–175.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, Q. 2008. In the Land of Invisible Women: A Female doctor’s Journey in the Saudi Kingdom. Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S. 2022. “Time for a “Hijab Ban”? The Hypervisibility of Veiling in Scholarship on Islam in North America.” In Producing Islam (s) in Canada: On Knowledge, Positionality, and Politics, edited by J. A. S. Amélie Barras and M. Adrian, 137–154. Canada: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alayan, S., and L. Shehadeh. 2021. “Religious Symbolism and Politics: Hijab and Resistance in Palestine.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 44 (6): 1051–1067. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2021.1883699.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almila, A.-M. 2017. “Introduction: The Veil Across the Globe in Politics, Everyday Life and Fashion.” In The Routledge International Handbook to Veils and Veiling Practices, edited by A. M. Almila and D. Inglis, 1–26. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Amini, N. R., and M. Y. Daulay. 2022. “Motivation and Religious Understanding of Students in Hijab at Muhammadiyah University, North Sumatra.” Paper presented at the Proceeding International Seminar of Islamic Studies, Medan, Indonesia.
   Google Scholar
• Andriani, M., W. Udasmoro, and S. Suhandano. 2019. “Ideological Struggles and Identity Construction within the Politics of French Linguistics in Indonesia.” Jurnal Humaniora 31 (1): 73–80. https://doi.org/10.22146/jh.34626.
   Google Scholar
• Antunes, A. C. 2022. “The Hijab Project: Troubling Conceptions of Agency and Piety Through Community-Engaged Art Making.” Social Sciences 11 (2): 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020039.
   Google Scholar
• Aqleem, F., and N. Atifa. 2022. “Hijab’s Hijab: A Call for Inclusion, Peace, and Resistance Shia Muslims Women’s Standpoints.” International Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies 7 (4): 5–13.
   Google Scholar
• Arif, F. R. 2018. “The Voice Behind the Veil: An Exploratory Study on the Identity Politics of Muslim Women and the Practice of Veiling (Hijab) in Hyderabad.” ASCI Journal of Management 47:13–23.
   Google Scholar
• Arshad, M., A. R. Zafar, and N. Ahmad. 2012. “Culture of Veil Among University Students in Pakistan.” International Journal of Learning and Development 2 (3): 57–67. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v2i3.1774.
   Google Scholar
• Babacan, M. 2023. ““Were You Treated Differently Because You Wore the hijab?”: Everyday Islamophobia, Racialization and Young Turks in Britain.” Ethnicities 23 (1): 64–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687968221126196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basco, R., J. F. Hair Jr, C. M. Ringle, and M. Sarstedt. 2022. “Advancing Family Business Research Through Modeling Nonlinear Relationships: Comparing PLS-SEM and Multiple Regression.” Journal of Family Business Strategy 13 (3): 100457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2021.100457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilge, S. 2010. “Beyond Subordination Vs. Resistance: An Intersectional Approach to the Agency of Veiled Muslim Women.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 31 (1): 9–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256860903477662.
   Google Scholar
• Chowdhury, N. A., H. S. A. Bakar, and A. A. Elmetwally. 2017. “Probing Niqab Wearing as an Islamic Identity, Cultural Piety and Women’s Empowerment: A Phenomenological Approach.” International Journal of Ethics in Social Sciences 5 (1): 57–76.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, N., and N. Saleh. 2019. “Applying Critical Race Feminism and Intersectionality to Narrative Inquiry: A Point of Resistance for Muslim Nurses Donning a Hijab.” Advances in Nursing Science 42 (2): 156–171. https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0000000000000267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Droogsma, R. A. 2007. “Redefining Hijab: American Muslim Women’s Standpoints on Veiling.” Journal of Applied Communication Research 35 (3): 294–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909880701434299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eid, P. 2018. “Balancing Agency, Gender and Race: How Do Muslim Female Teenagers in Quebec Negotiate the Social Meanings Embedded in the Hijab?” In Muslims, Migration and Citizenship, edited by M. Bulmer and J. Solomos, 65–80. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Fani, M., J. Mohtashami, M. Karamkhani, and M. Abdoljabbari. 2020. “Confrontation Process of Students with Hijab.” Journal of Religion and Health 59 (1): 204–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0712-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fayyaz, W., S. Ambreen, and A. Kamal. 2023. “Hijab and Social Cultural Factors Among Urban Women of Pakistan.” Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences 43 (1): 69–79.
   Google Scholar
• Foroutan, Y. 2020. “Demographic Analysis on Social Perceptions of Hijab in Contemporary Iran: Dimensions and Determinants.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 49 (5): 736–746. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2020.1847041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagan, R. 2021. Hatred of the Hijab: Islamophobia and Muslim Women in America. Florida: Florida Southern College. https://repository.flsouthern.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/16fbb84f-39cb-462e-8d65-3314e25b7de6/content.
   Google Scholar
• Haroon, J., A. Hussain, F. R. Malik, M. Iqbal, I. Fatima, and I. Ullah. 2022. “Perceptions Reasons and Barriers in Observing Purdah (Hijab) Among Female Undergraduate Medical Students.” Journal of Computing & Biomedical Informatics 3 (2): 136–143. https://doi.org/10.56979/302/2022/47.
   Google Scholar
• Hass, B.-S. 2020. “The Burka Ban: Islamic Dress, Freedom and Choice in the Netherlands in Light of the 2019 Burka Ban Law.” Religions 11 (2): 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11020093.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haw, K. 2009. “From Hijab to Jilbab and the ‘Myth’of British Identity: Being Muslim in Contemporary Britain a Half‐Generation on.” Race Ethnicity and Education 12 (3): 363–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613320903178303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins, N., and R. M. Greenwood. 2013. “Hijab, Visibility and the Performance of Identity.” European Journal of Social Psychology 43 (5): 438–447. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1955.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoseinzadeh, A., M. Niazi, and E. Shafaeimoghadam. 2018. “Study of Social and Cultural Factors Affecting the Normal Islamic Dress (Hijab) Case Study of Kashan University.” Religion & Communication 25 (1): 9–40.
   Google Scholar
• Huq, S. 2021. “Seeking Certainty, Security and Spirituality: Religious Conditioning and Everyday Aspirations Amongst Female University Students in Bangladesh.” Contemporary South Asia 29 (2): 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2021.1915247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam, M., T. Lowe, and G. Jones. 2018. “A ‘Satisfied Settling’? Investigating a Sense of Belonging for Muslim Students in a UK Small-Medium Higher Education Institution.” Student Engagement in Higher Education Journal 2 (2): 79–104.
   Google Scholar
• Jalil, M. M. 2023. “Should Liberal Feminists Support Hijab Ban in the West?” Public Integrity 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2023.2198333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joosub, N., and S. Ebrahim. 2020. “Decolonizing the Hijab: An Interpretive Exploration by Two Muslim Psychotherapists.” Feminism & Psychology 30 (3): 363–380. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353520912978.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, F. 2022. “Relocating the Veil: The Everyday Lives of Young Hijabi Britons Under Ideological Culturalism.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 45 (16): 501–522. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2022.2105656.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, M. M., Z. Azhar, M. Z. U. Abiden, K. Ullah, and M. A. Rana. 2023. “Veiled Identities: Unraveling the Perceptions and Motivations of Female Students on Wearing Hijab.” Journal of Positive School Psychology 7 (1): 300–308.
   Google Scholar
• Khir-Allah, G. 2021a. “Framing National Hijab-Wearing Women in the European Mind: Within and Cross-Cultural Analysis of the British and Spanish Press.” Framing Hijab in the European Mind: Press Discourse, Social Categorization and Stereotypes 171–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1653-2_7.
   Google Scholar
• Khir-Allah, G. 2021b. Framing Hijab in the European Mind: Press Discourse, Social Categorization and Stereotypes. Singapore: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Kiani, Q. 2021. “Structural Equation Modeling the Effect of Mental Health on Attitude Toward Hijab with Mediating Psychological Capital, Adaptability and Family Confidence at Undergraduate Students.” Preventive Counseling 1 (4): 41–57.
   Google Scholar
• Leuenberger, K. G. 2017. “Transformations of the Turkish Headscarf: An Exploration of the Political Meaning, Socio-Economic Impact, Cultural Influence, and the Art and Craft of the Hijab.”
   Google Scholar
• Mannan, F. 2020. “Veil as Religious Expression: An Ethnographic Study of Young University Students in Bangladesh.” In The 2020 Virtual Scholars Conference, Temple university, Philadelphia, USA, 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Mannan, F. 2022. “Veil as Religious Expression: A Sociological Study of University Students in Bangladesh.” Journal of Ecumenical Studies 57 (2): 197–219. https://doi.org/10.1353/ecu.2022.0017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurin, E., and H. N. Navarrete. 2019. Behind the Veil: The Effect of Banning the Islamic Veil in Schools. IZA Discussion Papers.
   Google Scholar
• Mizel, O. 2019. “MY HIJAB REFLECTS MY IDENTITY RATHER MY RELIGION.” Akademik Platform İslami Araştırmalar Dergisi 3 (2): 209–217.
   Google Scholar
• Mizel, O. 2020. “The Voice of the Hijab: Perspectives Towards Wearing the Hijab by a Sample of Palestinian Female University Students in Israel.” Athens Journal of Social Sciences 7 (4): 15. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajss.7-4-2.
   Google Scholar
• Mizel, O. 2023. “Palestinian Students and Multiple Meanings of the Hijab.” Issues in Educational Research 33 (1): 155–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamad, S. M., and N. Hassim. 2021. “Hijabi Celebrification and Hijab Consumption in Brunei and Malaysia.” Celebrity Studies 12 (3): 498–522. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2019.1677164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammadi, N., S. Maghsoodi, M. Hasanpoor, and F. H. Maskouni. 2022. “The Interpretation of Face Veiled Women in Balochistan Region: A Geo-Cultural Study.” Quality & Quantity 56 (6): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-021-01294-5.
   Google Scholar
• Moradi, F. 2023. “Body Politics in Iran: Clothing, Sexuality and Body.” Sexuality & Culture 27 (3): 1120–1139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-022-10057-9.
   Google Scholar
• Muhammad, I., S. K. Ali, and H. Aly. 2019. The Proudest Blue : A Story of Hijab and Family. 1st. ed. New York; Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Munday, P. 2019. “This Too Is China: Hui Muslim Culture and the Fulbright Experience at Ningxia University.” In Narrative Inquiries from Fulbright Lecturers in China, edited by S. Freedman, P. Munday, and J. W. Cockroft, 44–56. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Paz, A., and R. Kook. 2021. “‘It Reminds Me That I Still Exist’. Critical Thoughts on Intersectionality; Refugee Muslim Women in Berlin and the Meanings of the Hijab.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47 (13): 2979–2996. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1757417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prempeh, C. 2022. ““Hijab Is My Identity”: Beyond the Politics of the Veil: The Appropriations of the Veil in an Inner-City Muslim Area of Accra (Ghana) Since the 1980s.” Journal of Africana Religions 10 (1): 20–46. https://doi.org/10.5325/jafrireli.10.1.0020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puteri, P. A. 2022. “The Objectification of Muslim Women in Indonesia: The Case of Fashionable Niqab in Social Media.” Religia 25 (1): 69–81. https://doi.org/10.28918/religia.v25i1.4271.
   Google Scholar
• Rahman, M. S. A., and A. Firdaus. 2018. “The Practice of Wearing Hijab in a Multicultural Mosque of America.” Humaniora 9 (2): 129–140. https://doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v9i2.4430.
   Google Scholar
• Rahmayantie, E. N., and S. Budi Lestari. 2016. Understanding Family Communication and Peer Group in Decision of Wearing Hijab. Indonesia: Diponegoro University.
   Google Scholar
• Rumaney, H., and S. Sriram. 2023. “Not Without My Hijab: Experiences of Veiled Muslim Women in India.” Human Arenas 6 (1): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42087-021-00193-3.
   Google Scholar
• SAFIRA, W. 2020. Determinants of Hijab Demand for Female Muslim Students at the Faculty of Economics and Business Jenderal Soedirman University. Indonesia: Universitas Jenderal Soedirman.
   Google Scholar
• Sheen, M., H. Aman Key Yekani, T. R. Jordan, and D. Wisneski. 2018. “Investigating the Effect of Wearing the Hijab: Perception of Facial Attractiveness by Emirati Muslim Women Living in Their Native Muslim Country.” Public Library of Science One 13 (10): e0199537. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199537.
   Google Scholar
• Shirazi, F. 2001. The Veil Unveiled: The Hijab in Modern Culture. USA: University Press of Florida Gainesville.
   Google Scholar
• Shirazi, F., and S. Mishra. 2010. “Young Muslim Women on the Face Veil (Niqab) a Tool of Resistance in Europe but Rejected in the United States.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 13 (1): 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877909348538.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simorangkir, D. N., and S. Pamungkas. 2018. “Social Identity Construction and Negotiation Among Hijab-Wearing Indonesian University Students.” Journal of Communication and Religion 41 (3): 14–31.
   Google Scholar
• Simorangkir, D. N., and S. Pamungkas. 2022. “Social Identity Construction and Negotiation Among Hijab-Wearing Indonesian University Students.” Journal of Communication and Religion/EBSCO Host 41 (3): 14–31.
   Google Scholar
• Siraj, A. 2011. “Meanings of Modesty and the Hijab Amongst Muslim Women in Glasgow, Scotland.” Gender, Place & Culture 18 (6): 716–731. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2011.617907.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobral, A. 2020. “The Ambivalence of the Veil in Contemporary British Culture.” In Vol. 213 Ideology in Postcolonial Texts and Contexts, edited by K. Sarkowsky and M. U. Stein, 162–181. Netherlands: Brill Rodopi.
   Google Scholar
• Tabassum, N., T. Afzal, and A. Hadi. 2020. “Correlation between Religious Motives and the Personal Wish or Family Choice as Reason of Veiling Among Malaysian Muslim University Students.” Asia Pacific 38 (2020): 87–108. https://doi.org/10.47781/asia-pacific.vol38.Iss0.2429.
   Google Scholar
• Taufik, H., and A. Taufik. 2019. “Hijrah and Pop Culture: Hijab and Other Muslim Fashions Among Students in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara.” Teosofia: Indonesian Journal of Islamic Mysticism: Indonesian Journal of Islamic Mysticism 8 (2): 97–116. https://doi.org/10.21580/tos.v8i2.5305.
   Google Scholar
• Tina, K. 2022. “Social Construction: Media, Hijab and Students Identity.” International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis 5 (8): 2044–2049.
   Google Scholar
• White, H. 1980. “A Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity.” Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society 48 (4): 817–838. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912934.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeste, C. G., O. E. M. Zeguari, P. Álvarez, and T. M. Folch. 2020. “Muslim Women Wearing the Niqab in Spain: Dialogues Around Discrimination, Identity and Freedom.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 75:95–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.02.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zainal, H., and G. Wong. 2017. “Voices Behind the Veil: Unravelling the Hijab Debate in Singapore Through the Lived Experiences of Hijab-Wearing Malay-Muslim Women.” South East Asia Research 25 (2): 107–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967828X17699919.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakir, S. R., and A. Zabrodskaja. 2023. Experiences of Being a Muslim Hijab-Wearing Woman in Estonia: Personal Stories from Immigrant and Local Women. In Women’s Empowerment for a Sustainable Future: Transcultural and Positive Psychology Perspectives, edited by C.-H. Mayer, E. Vanderheiden, O. Braun-Lewensohn, G. Chen, K. Sueda, B. Mangolothi, S. Safdar, and S. Kim, 569–578. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Zulfikar, E., A. Rosyad, and N. Afiyah. 2022. “Women’s Aurat in the Qur’an Surah Al-Ahzab Verse 59: Discourse Relevance of the Veil in the Indonesian Context.” Jurnal Studi Al-Qur’an 18 (2): 283–298. https://doi.org/10.21009/JSQ.018.2.06.
   Google Scholar