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Research Article

School misbehavior: Elementary students’ perspectives on typologies, attributions, and strategies

Indisciplina na Escola: As Perspetivas de Alunos/as do 1º CEB sobre Tipologias, Atribuições e Estratégias

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ABSTRACT

Extensive literature on school misbehavior has largely focused on teachers’ perceptions of the most frequent and troublesome classroom behaviors and the most commonly used strategies to manage them. Students’ perspectives on this topic have received comparatively little attention and most of the few existing studies were conducted with secondary students. This study investigates the perspectives of 115 elementary children on appropriate and inappropriate behaviors, on their causal attributions, and on how schools should manage children’s behavior. Their answers to an open-ended questionnaire were analyzed through qualitative thematic content analysis. Results suggest that children are exposed to an extensive number of negatively stated behavior expectations. When asked about causal explanations for behavior occurrences, children mainly mention factors related to themselves, particularly their social and emotional abilities. The frequent mentions of proactive strategies, such as explicit teaching, suggest that children’s recommendations on behavior management encompass evidence-based practices. Implications for future research, educational policies, and teachers’ training and practices are also provided.

Resumo

A indisciplina na escola tem sido extensivamente investigada a nível internacional, dando especial enfoque às perceções dos professores sobre os comportamentos indesejados mais frequentes e as estratégias de gestão de comportamento mais utilizadas. Comparativamente, as perceções dos/as estudantes nesta matéria têm sido menos estudadas, com os estudos disponíveis a explorar, sobretudo, as perceções dos/as estudantes do ensino secundário. Neste contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo explorar as perspetivas de crianças portuguesas do 1º ciclo do ensino básico em relação à indisciplina na escola, às suas atribuições causais, e às estratégias que consideram adequadas para gerir tais comportamentos. Para a recolha de dados foi utilizado um questionário de resposta aberta, aplicado a 115 crianças. A análise de conteúdo temática dos resultados revelou que as crianças são expostas a um vasto leque de expectativas comportamentais, maioritariamente formuladas de forma negativa. Os/as participantes tendem a atribuir os comportamentos a fatores relacionados consigo próprios, especialmente a competências sociais e emocionais. As menções frequentes a estratégias proativas de gestão de comportamentos, como o ensino explícito, sugerem que as recomendações das crianças estão alinhadas com as práticas baseadas em evidência. Implicações para estudos futuros, para informar políticas educativas, programas de formação de professores/as, bem como as práticas em contextos educativos são discutidas.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, AL, upon reasonable request.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Ana Rodrigues de Lemos

Ana R. de Lemos holds a MSc in Psychology in the scientific area of Education and Development. Currently, she works as a fellow researcher at Centre for Psychology at University of Porto.

Sofia Mendes

Sofia Mendes holds a Ph.D in Psychology. Currently she is an Assistant Professor and integrated researcher in Psychology for Development Research Centre, at Lusíada University, Porto.

Teresa Leal

Teresa Leal holds a Ph.D in Psychology, works as Associate Professor at Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences and as a researcher at Centre for Psychology at University of Porto.

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