https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8704-2921
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Abstract
The thermodynamics of mass transfer during gaseous carburization and its overall efficiency across various alloyed steels were investigated to discern the influence of alloy content. Quantitative analyses were conducted on the coefficients of mass transfer and carbon diffusivities for EN3, EN35, 20MnCr5, and EN353 steels at a carburization temperature of 930 °C. The study revealed distinct trends in mass transfer dynamics and carbon diffusion rates among the different alloyed steels. For instance, nickel majorly an austenite stabilizer, was found to enhance carbon diffusion in gamma iron, with observed coefficients of mass transfer ranging from 8.85 × 10−6 to 1.87 × 10−5 cm/s. However, EN35 steel exhibited slower mass transfer rates due to weaker atomic interactions, resulting in lower observed coefficients of mass transfer. Conversely, chromium and molybdenum, known carbide-forming elements, facilitated carbon transfer from the gaseous environment to the steel case in 20MnCr5 and EN353 steels, with observed coefficients of mass transfer ranging from 1.39 × 10−5 to 1.55 × 10−5 cm/s. Additionally, the study compared observed carbon diffusivities with those predicted by DICTRA (Diffusion Controlled TRAnsformation) kinetic and thermodynamic datasets, demonstrating excellent consistency. These findings underscore the significance of considering alloy content in achieving consistent carburizing outcomes and suggest potential modifications to existing carburizing methods to improve diffusion depth homogeneity. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the impact of alloy elements on the carburization process and offers implications for optimizing carburizing practices in alloy steel manufacturing.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: Pavan Hiremath; methodology: Pavan Hiremath, Gurumurthy B M, Shivaprakash Y M; validation: Nithesh Naik; investigation: Prateek Jain; resources: Suhas Kowshik, Prateek Jain, B R N Murthy; writing—original draft preparation: Pavan Hiremath, Nithesh Naik; writing—review and editing: Gurumurthy B M, Suhas Kowshik; visualization: Shivaprakash Y M; supervision: Pavan Hiremath, Nithesh Naik, Prateek Jain; project administration: Pavan Hiremath, Prateek Jain. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Data availability statement
All the data used in the experiment have been made available in the present article. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [email protected] or COGENT Engineering, upon reasonable request.
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Pavan Hiremath
Dr. Pavan Hiremath holds M.Tech in Manufacturing Technology, and a PhD in Material Science and Engineering with a focus on Heat Treatment from Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. He began his career at the National Aerospace Laboratories in Bangalore, contributing significantly to the SARAS aircraft project, India’s first multi-purpose civilian aircraft in the light transport category. Dr. Hiremath is now a Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at the Manipal Institute of Technology (MIT), where he mentors Ph.D. students and oversees various undergraduate and postgraduate projects. His academic journey is marked by a commitment to rigorous research, evidenced by over 70 publications in prestigious international journals and conferences. Dr. Hiremath is also a member of MAHE’s Strategy and Innovation Group, contributing to the institution’s vision and fostering innovation in academia. He worked on six patents, including the “X-ray chair” for accurate medical imaging, innovations in precipitation hardening of aluminum alloys for lightweight yet high-strength materials, and capacitive sensors for optimizing agricultural processes.
Gurumurthy B. M.
Dr. Gurumurty B.M. is an Associate Professor in the department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India. He is a Mechanical Engineer with a master’s in manufacturing engineering and technology and Ph. D in Heat treatment and Machining Materials. He has more than 13 years in teaching, industry, and research experience. His areas of interest include Heat treatment, characterization of composites, machining. He has published 50 (Scopus indexed) research papers in reputed international journals and presented 10 research papers in international conferences.
Shivaprakash Y. M.
Dr. Shivaprakash Y.M. is an Additional Professor in the department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India. He is a Mechanical Engineer with a master’s in manufacturing engineering and technology and Ph. D in Composite Materials. He has more than 18 years in teaching, industry, and research experience. His areas of interest include Heat treatment, characterization of composites and hybrid composites. He has published 25 (Scopus indexed) research papers in reputed international journals and presented 12 research papers in international conferences.
Nithesh Naik
Prof. Nithesh Naik is a Senior Assistant Professor in the department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India. He is a Mechanical Engineer with a Masters in Computer Aided Machine Design and is presently pursuing Ph.D in composite Materials. He has more than 10 years in teaching, industry and research experience. His areas of interest include characterization of polymer matrix composites, bio composites and hybrid composites. He has published 170 (Scopus indexed) research papers in reputed international journals and presented 15 research papers in international conferences.
Prateek Jain
Dr. Prateek Jain earned his B.Tech. in Electrical Engineering from BIT, Durg, India, in 2008, his M.Tech. in Power Systems from VJTI, Mumbai, India, in 2010, and his PhD in Electrical Engineering from IIT Indore, India, in 2018. He served as a Lecturer in the Department of Electrical Engineering at VJTI, Mumbai, from 2010 to 2012. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India, having joined the institute in 2019. Additionally, he worked as a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Centre of Energy Regulation, Department of Industrial & Management Engineering, IIT Kanpur, India, from 2018 to 2019, where he contributed to regulatory research and energy analytics for the electricity markets in the power sector. His research interests lie in the power and energy engineering domain, focusing on electric vehicle-power grid interactions, machine learning and data science applications in energy analytics, power grid ancillary services, and smart grid.
Suhas Kowshik
Prof. Suhas Kowshik is a Senior Assistant Professor in the department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India. He is a Mechanical Engineer with a Masters in Manufacturing Engineering and Technology and is presently pursuing Ph.D in composite Materials. He has more than 10 years in teaching, industry and research experience. His areas of interest include characterization of polymer matrix composites, bio composites and hybrid composites. He has published 24 (Scopus indexed) research papers in reputed international journals and presented 10 research papers in international conferences.
Murthy B. R. N.
Dr. Murthy B. R. N. is currently working as Additional Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India. He is the author for several articles in various International Journals. His research includes optimization and simulation of machining process on various types of fiber re-in forced polymer composites through Taguchi, Response Surface Methodology, Artificial Neural Networks and System Dynamic Methods. His field of research also includes conduction of Austempering heat treatment to improve the performance of Austempered Ductile Iron Balls which are recognized as the better grinding media for grinding iron ores in ball mills.