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Research Article

Reducing Grip Uncertainty During Initial Prosthetic Hand Use Improves Eye-Hand Coordination and Lowers Mental Workload

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 475-485 | Received 05 Jul 2023, Accepted 04 Mar 2024, Published online: 24 Mar 2024

Figures & data

FIGURE 1. The image on the left shows the starting and ending position for each experimental trial. The image on the right shows the myoelectric prosthetic device that was attached to participants’ right forearm.

FIGURE 1. The image on the left shows the starting and ending position for each experimental trial. The image on the right shows the myoelectric prosthetic device that was attached to participants’ right forearm.

FIGURE 2. The AOIs were defined in the BeGaze software, so that fixations were categorised for data processing (left). Representative samples of the eye-tracker camera for each of the six phases of the rice pouring task, with the onset and offset indicated (right).

FIGURE 2. The AOIs were defined in the BeGaze software, so that fixations were categorised for data processing (left). Representative samples of the eye-tracker camera for each of the six phases of the rice pouring task, with the onset and offset indicated (right).

FIGURE 3. Graphs of the individual data points (coloured circles), boxplot, and violin plot showing the distribution between the conditions for performance time (left) and the number of unintended grip release (right). The horizontal black line in the boxplot represents the median score, while the brackets extending off the top and bottom of the coloured boxes represent the interquartile range. The violin plot indicates the density of the data across the distribution. The Anatomic condition is not shown on the right graph because there were no unintended grip releases in that condition. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between the conditions (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).

FIGURE 3. Graphs of the individual data points (coloured circles), boxplot, and violin plot showing the distribution between the conditions for performance time (left) and the number of unintended grip release (right). The horizontal black line in the boxplot represents the median score, while the brackets extending off the top and bottom of the coloured boxes represent the interquartile range. The violin plot indicates the density of the data across the distribution. The Anatomic condition is not shown on the right graph because there were no unintended grip releases in that condition. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between the conditions (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).

FIGURE 4. A line graph showing the percentages of the target locking strategy. The lines represent the percentage of hand-focus against the target-focus for each condition across the phases, while the error bars represent the standard error. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between the Prosthesis and Velcro conditions in the first and second pour phase (***p < 0.001).

FIGURE 4. A line graph showing the percentages of the target locking strategy. The lines represent the percentage of hand-focus against the target-focus for each condition across the phases, while the error bars represent the standard error. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between the Prosthesis and Velcro conditions in the first and second pour phase (***p < 0.001).

FIGURE 5. A line graph showing the moment participants disengage visual fixations from the hand in between phases, while the error bars represent the standard error. A negative time represents participant shifting attention ahead of the hand, while a positive time represents participants shifting attention behind the hand. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between the Prosthesis and Velcro conditions (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).

FIGURE 5. A line graph showing the moment participants disengage visual fixations from the hand in between phases, while the error bars represent the standard error. A negative time represents participant shifting attention ahead of the hand, while a positive time represents participants shifting attention behind the hand. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between the Prosthesis and Velcro conditions (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).

FIGURE 6. A boxplot of the PROS-TLX showing the distribution between the conditions across all PROS-TLX constructs. A higher score represents an increased level of demand within the construct. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between the Prosthesis and Velcro conditions (*p < 0.05).

FIGURE 6. A boxplot of the PROS-TLX showing the distribution between the conditions across all PROS-TLX constructs. A higher score represents an increased level of demand within the construct. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between the Prosthesis and Velcro conditions (*p < 0.05).

TABLE 1. Showing the statistics for PROS-TLX scores for each construct, the Bonferroni corrected pairwise comparisons, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, and r effect size between each group.

Supplemental material

Supplemental Material

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