The ‘absent Black father’ metaphor: analyzing education’s pathological pursuit of Black male surrogates

References

• Allen, W. (1978). Race, family setting, and adolescent achievement orientation. Journal of Negro Education, 47(3), 230–243.
   Google Scholar
• Bernard, J. (1966). Marriage and family among Negroes. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Blackmon, D. A. (2009). Slavery by another name: The re-enslavement of black Americans from the civil War to world War II. First Anchor books edition. New York: Anchor Books, a division of Random House, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Bond, C., & Peery, P. (1971). Has the Black man been castrated? In R. Staples (Ed.), The Black family: Essays and studies (pp. 140–144). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Bristol, T. J., & Mentor, M. (2018). Policing and teaching: The positioning of Black male teachers as agents in the universal carceral apparatus. The Urban Review, 50, 218–234.
   Google Scholar
• Brockenbrough, E. (2012). You ain’t my daddy!’: Black male teachers and the politics of surrogate fatherhood. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 16(4), 357–372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, A. L. (2011a). ‘Same old stories’: The Black male in social science and educational literature, 1930s to the present. Teachers College Record, 113(9), 2047–2079.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, A. L. (2011b). Racialized subjectivities: A critical examination of ethnography on Black males in the USA, 1960s to early 2000s. Ethnography & Education, 6(1), 45–60.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, A. L. (2016). Racialised subjectivities: A critical examination of ethnography on Black males in the USA, 1960s to early 2000s. Race, Ethnography and Education, 6(1), 45–60. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, A. L. (2018). From subhuman to human kind: Implicit bias, racial memory, and Black males in schools and society. Peabody Journal of Education, 93(1), 52–55.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, A. L., Dilworth, M. E., & Brown, K. D. (2018). Understanding the Black teacher through metaphor. The Urban Review, 50, 284–299.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, A. L., & Donnor, J. K. (2011). Toward a new narrative on Black males, education and public policy. Race Ethnicity and Education, 14(1), 17–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, A. L., & Thomas III, D. J. (2020). A critical essay on Black male teacher recruitment discourse. Peabody Journal of Education, 95(5), 456–471.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, K. D. (2013). Trouble on my mind: Toward a framework of humanizing critical sociocultural knowledge for teaching and teacher education. Race Ethnicity and Education, 16(3), 316–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, K. (1965). Dark ghetto: Dilemmas of social power. New York: Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, A., & Dollard, J. (1940). Children of bondage: The personality development of Negro youth in the urban south. Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education.
   Google Scholar
• Dawson, M. (2001). Black visions: The roots of contemporary African-American political ideologies. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dumas, M. J. (2016). My brother as ‘problem’ neoliberal governmentality and interventions for black young men and boys. Educational Policy, 30(1), 94–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge. London:: Tavistock.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (1976). The archaeology of knowledge. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (2005). The order of things. New York: Vintage Books.
   Google Scholar
• Frazier, E. F. (1940). The Negro family and Negro youth. Journal of Negro Education, 290–299.
   Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, G. M. (1987). The black image in the white mind: The debate on Afro-American character and destiny, 1817–1914. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Freire, P., & Macedo, D. P. (1987). Literacy: Reading the word & the world. South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Gee, J. P. (1999). An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gershenson, S., Hart, C., Hyman, J., Lindsay, C., & Papageorge, N. W. (2018). The long-run impacts of same-race teachers (No. w25254). National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Gillespie, A. (2010). Autobiography and identity: Malcolm X as author and hero. In R. Terrill (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to Malcolm X (pp. 26–38). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, D. T. (1993). Racist culture: Philosophy and the politics of meaning. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Gorski, P., & Landsman, J. (Eds.). (2014). The poverty and education reader: A call for equity in many voices (1st ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Grant, C. A., Brown, K. D., & Brown, A. L. (2016). Black intellectual thought in education: The missing traditions of Anna Julia Cooper, Carter G. Woodson, and Alain Leroy Locke. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Haley, A., & Shabazz, A. (1992). The autobiography of Malcolm X: As told by Alex Haley. New York: Ballantine Books.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, S. (1986). The problem of ideology-Marxism without guarantees. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 10(2), 28–44.
   Google Scholar
• Hannerz, U. (1969). Soulside: Inquiries into the ghetto culture and community. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holland, S. (1991). Positive role models for primary-grade black inner-city males. Equity & Excellence, 25, 40–44.
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz, J., Graf, N., & Livingston, G. (2019). Marriage and cohabitation in the US. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org.
   Google Scholar
• Husband, T., & Kang, G. (2020). Identifying promising literacy practices for Black males in P-12 classrooms: An integrative review. Journal of Language and Literacy Education, 16(1).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, M. W. (2019). Trump, Kaepernick, and MLK as ‘maybe citizens’: Early elementary African American males’ analysis of citizenship. Theory & Research in Social Education, 47(3), 374–395.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, M. W., Brown, A. L., & Harrison, L. (2020). Troubling the waters: A critical essay on Black male role models and mentors. Urban Review, 52(3), 415–434.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, J., & Mosher, W. D. (2013). Fathers’ involvement with their children: United States, 2006–2010. National Health Statistics Reports, 71, 1–21. PMID: 24467852.
   Google Scholar
• Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2008). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lane, R. D. (1998). Keepin’ it real’: Walter Dean Myers and the promise of African-American children’s literature. African American Review, 32(1), 125–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S.-M. (2017). Student-athletes’ experiences with racial microaggressions in sport: A Foucauldian discourse analysis. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Legette, W. (1999). The crisis of the Black male: a new ideology in Black politics. In A. Reed (Ed.), Without justice for all: The new liberalism and our retreat from racial equality (pp. 291–326). Boulder, CO: Westview.
   Google Scholar
• Luke, A. (1995). Text and discourse in education. An introduction to critical discourse analysis. Review of Research in Education, 21, 3–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguim, G., & Seniger, S. F. (1978). Coming of age in the ghetto: A dilemma of youth unemployment. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University.
   Google Scholar
• Martino, W. J. (2015). The limits of role modeling as a basis for critical multicultural education: The case of Black male teachers in urban schools. Multicultural Education Review, 7(1–2), 59–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElroy, R. (2002). Whose body, whose nation? Surrogate motherhood and its representation. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 5(3), 325–342.
   Google Scholar
• Mills, C. W. (1997). The racial contract. Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moynihan, D. P. (1965). The Negro family: The case for national action. Washington, DC: Office of Policy Planning and Research, U.S. Department of Labor.
   Google Scholar
• Pabon, A. (2016). Waiting for Black superman: A look at a problematic assumption. Urban Education, 51(8), 915–939.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. (1964). Profile of the Negro American. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand.
   Google Scholar
• Popkewitz, T. S. (1998). Struggling for the soul: The politics of schooling and the construction of the teacher. New York: Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, B. B. (2010). Attended with great inconveniences’: Slave literacy and the 1740 Carolina Negro Act. Pmla, 125(1), 201–203.
   Google Scholar
• Sciurba, K. (2014). Texts as mirrors, texts as windows: Black adolescent boys and the complexities of textual relevance. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 58(4), 308–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sciurba, K. (2017). Journeys toward textual relevance: Male readers of color and the significance of Malcolm X and Harry Potter. Journal of Literacy Research, 49(3), 371–392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sleeter, C. E., & Grant, C. A. (2008). Making choices for multicultural education: Five approaches to race, class and gender. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, M. P., Johnson, M. W., & Owens, L. (2022). Black male brilliance as (ill)legible: Challenging and changing societal and educational narratives. Urban Education, doi:10.1177/00420859221097888
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swan, L. A. (1974). A methodological critique of the Moynihan Report. The Black Scholar, 5(9), 18–24.
   Google Scholar
• Tatum, A. W. (2015). Engaging African American Males in Reading (Reprint) By providing meaningful Reading material and encouraging honest debate, teachers can help African American adolescent males embrace the power of text. Journal of Education, 195(2), 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas III, D., Johnson, M., & Brown, A. (2022). (Un)Natural saviors and motivators: Analyzing the pathological scripting of Black male teachers in Hollywood films. Educational Studies, 58(4), 458–473. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131946.2022.2096454
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas III, D. J. (2022a). Black male teacher-coaches’ utilization of Black counterpublics: The Black family, liberatory fantasy, and resisting the ontological limitation of Blackness. Urban Education, 00420859221140394, doi:10.1177/00420859221140394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas III, D. J. (2022b). If I can help somebody’: The civic-oriented thought and practices of Black male teacher-coaches. Theory & Research in Social Education, 50(3), 464–493. https://doi.org/10.1080/00933104.2022.2078258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas III, D. J. (2023). Gatekeepers and guardians of Black intellectual thought: Black male teacher-coaches combating an anti-Black epistemic order. Teachers College Record, 125(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/01614681231152016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend, B. (2018). How Longhorns coach Tom Herman wants to be “dad to everybody” after losing father to addiction, homelessness. Dallas News. (2019, August 24). https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/2018/01/13/how-longhorns-coach-tom-herman-wants-to-be-dad-to-everybody-after-losing-father-to-addiction-homelessness
   Google Scholar
• Tucker, J. B. (2017). Malcolm X, the prison years: The relentless pursuit of formal education. Journal of African American History, 102(2), 184–212.
   Google Scholar
• Valentine, C. (1968). Culture and poverty: Critique and counter-proposals. Chicago: University of Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Van DeBurg, W. (1992). New day in Babylon: The black power movement and American culture, 1965–1975. London: The University of Chicago Press, LTD.
   Google Scholar
• Watkins, W. H. (2001). The White architects of Black education: Ideology and power in America, 1865–1954. New York: Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weedon, C. (2004). Identity and culture: Narratives of difference and belonging. New York, NY: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wells-Barnett, I. B., Harris, T., & Cairns Collection of American Women Writers. (1991). Selected works of Ida B. Wells-Barnett. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, H. A. (2009). Self-taught: African American education in slavery and freedom. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, A. N. (1992). Awakening the natural genius of Black children (4th ed.). New York: Afrikan World InfoSystems.
   Google Scholar
• Wynter, S. (1995). 1492: A new world view. Race, discourse, and the origin of the Americas: A new world view, 5-57.
   Google Scholar
• Wynter, S. (2003). Unsettling the coloniality of being/power/truth/freedom: Towards the human, after man, its overrepresentation-An argument. CR: The New Centennial Review, 3(3), 257–337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar