Enemies by kinship: securitizing language and the Russian diaspora in escalated gray zone conflict

References

• Alijeva, L. (2017). Left behind? A critical study of the Russian-speaking minority rights to citizenship and language in the post-Soviet Baltic states. Lessons from nationalising language policies. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 24(4), 484–536. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02404004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltic News Network. (2014, April 4). Latvian media council to limit broadcasts of RTR channel in Latvia. https://bnn-news.com/latvian-media-council-limit-broadcasts-rtr-channel-latvia-112081
   Google Scholar
• Belo, D. (2020). Conflict in the absence of war: A comparative analysis of China and Russia engagement in gray zone conflicts. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 26(1), 73–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2019.1644358
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belo, D. (2022). Middle power foreign policy in an era of gray zone conflict: Addressing the challenges for Canada. In D. Carment, L. Macdonald, & J. Paltiel (Eds.), Canada and great power competition (pp. 277–296). Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Belo, D., & Carment, D. (2020). Unilateralism and competitive multilateralism in gray-zone conflict. US Air Force Wild Blue Yonder Journal, 25(1), 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Bloch, A. (2012). Engagement, mandatory citizenship, and post-Soviet Russian speaking immigrants in vancouver. No. 12, Working Paper. Centre of Excellence for Research on Immigration and Diversity. http://mbc.metropolis.net/assets/uploads/files/wp/2012/WP12-05.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bloemraad, I. (2017). Weaponized citizenship: Race, status, and the practice of citizenship denial. Politics and Society, 45(2), 159–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329217704434
   Google Scholar
• Bugajski, J. (2004). Cold peace: Russia’s new imperialism. Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Buzan, B., Weaver, O., & De Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A new framework for analysis. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Byford, A. (2012). The Russian diaspora in international relations: ‘Compatriots’ in Britain. Europe-Asia Studies, 64(4), 715–735. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2012.660764
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carment, D., & Belo, D. (2018). War’s future: The risks and rewards of GreyZone conflict and hybrid warfare. Canadian Global Affairs Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Carment, D., & Nikolko, M. (2017). Post-Soviet migration: Regional context and modern development. In M. Nikolko & D. Carment (Eds.), Post-Soviet migration and diasporas (p. 2). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Carment, D., Nikolko, M., & Belo, D. (2019). Gray zone mediation in the Ukraine crisis: Comparing Crimea and Donbas. In J. Wilkenfeld, K. Beardsley, & D. Quinn (Eds.), Research handbook on mediating international crises (pp. 124–140). Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Ciuriak, D. (2022). NATO’s enlargement and Russia’s interests: Existential threat or invaluable external discipline? SSRN. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4202776
   Google Scholar
• Collier, D. (1993). The comparative method. In A. W. Finifter (Ed.), Political science: The state of discipline II (pp. 106–117). American Political Science Association.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, R., & Berdal, M. (1993). Outside intervention in ethnic conflicts. Survival, 35(1), 118–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396339308442677
   Google Scholar
• Driedger, J. J. (2023). Risk acceptance and offensive war: The case of Russia under the Putin regime. Contemporary Security Policy, 1–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy-Toft, M. (2018). The dangerous rise of kinetic diplomacy. War on the Rocks. https://warontherocks.com/
   Google Scholar
• Duffy-Toft, M. (2019). Fewer diplomats, more armed force defines US leadership today. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/
   Google Scholar
• Ebim, M. A. (2022). Putinian policies of de-nazification: Discourses of power in the deployment of linguistic resources on the Russian invasion of Ukraine. In Putinian policies of de-nazification: Discourses of power in the deployment of linguistic resources on the Russian invasion of Ukraine (pp. 1–18). SSRN.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2018, December 3). National reforms in school education – Latvia. https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/national-reforms-school-education-34_en
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament. (2017). Estonia: A historical overview and key facts. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2017/602026/IPOL_IDA(2017)602026_EN.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Eyoh, H. H. (1985). Language as carrier of people's culture: An interview with Ngugi wa Thiongo. Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies, 14(3), 156–160.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, F. (1987). Confronting values in policy analysis: The politics of criteria. J. Forester (Ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Flubacher, M.-C., & Busch, B. (2022). Language advocacy in times of securitization and neoliberalization: The network language rights. Language Policy, 21(4), 545–560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-022-09617-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galeotti, M. (2022). The weaponisation of everything: Field guide to the new way of war. Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goddard, C. (2018). Words as carriers of cultural meaning. In Ten lectures on natural semantic MetaLanguage (pp. 159–193). Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Harmon-Donovan, D. (2015). A history of the Soviet diaspora in the post-cold war era (1989–2015): Case studies of Russian-speakers in South Korea, Cambodia, and the Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Klintsevich, F. (2019). Russian minorities in the baltics: The past and the present. The Journal of International Relations, Peace Studies, and Development, 5(1), 22–40.
   Google Scholar
• Kraft, K. (2020). Linguistic securitisation as a governmentality in the neoliberalising welfare state. In L. M. Rojo & A. D. Percio (Eds.), Language and neoliberal governmentality (1st ed., pp. 29–48). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Krawiec, M. (2012). Foreign language textbook as a carrier of cultural values and meanings. Papers and Studies in Axiological Linguistics, 7, 105–116.
   Google Scholar
• Krippendorf, K. (2003). Chapter three: Uses and inference. In Content analysis: An introduction to Its methodology (pp. 196–214). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Kruusvall, J., & Lättekivi, T. (2017). Between accommodation and resistance: Minority voting rights in Estonia. Journal of Baltic Studies, 48(2), 227–246.
   Google Scholar
• Law on the Status of Aliens: This law regulates the legal status of aliens in Latvia, including non-citizens. It outlines the rights and obligations of non-citizens, including their right to work, social security, education, healthcare, and freedom of movement. The law can be found at https://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=7002
   Google Scholar
• Matisek, J. W. (2017). Shades of gray deterrence: Issues of fighting in the gray zone. Journal of Strategic Security, 10(3), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.10.3.1589
   Google Scholar
• Matveeva, A. (2022). Donbas: The post-Soviet conflict that changed Europe. European Politics and Society, 23(3), 410–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2022.2074398
   Google Scholar
• Mazarr, M. J. (2015). Mastering the gray zone: Understanding a changing era of conflict. US Army War.
   Google Scholar
• Nalbandov, R. (2016). Foreign interventions in ethnic conflicts. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396339308442677
   Google Scholar
• Pabriks, A., & Purs, A. (2016). Latvia: The challenges of change. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pettai, V., & Bystrov, A. (2019). Estonia: A divided society, a consolidated state. In V. Pettai & A. Bystrov (Eds.), Twenty years after the Soviet union: The baltic experience (pp. 59–80). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Posen, B. R. (1993). The security dilemma and ethnic conflict. Survival, 35(1), 27–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396339308442672
   Google Scholar
• Roe, E. (1994). Narrative policy analysis: Theory and practice. Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Roe, P. (1999). The intrastate security dilemma: Ethnic conflict as a tragedy? Journal of Peace Research, 36(2), 183–202. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343399036002004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schön D. A., & Rein M. (1994). Frame reflection. Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Seawright, J., & Gerring, J. (2008). Case selection techniques in case study research: A menu of qualitative and quantitative options. Political Research Quarterly, 61(2), 294–308. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912907313077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shachar, A. (2018). The weaponization of citizenship. Harvard International Review, 39(2), 36–42.
   Google Scholar
• Simons, G., Manoylo, A., & Trunov, P. (2019). Sweden and the NATO debate: Views from Sweden and Russia. Global Affairs, 5(4–5), 335–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2019.1681014
   Google Scholar
• Smith, J. (2019). Estonia's immigration policy: A comparative analysis. International Journal of Comparative Politics, 7(2), 45–58.
   Google Scholar
• Stone, D. (1997). Policy paradox: The art of political decision making (Vol. 13). ww Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Sukhov, O., & Talant, B. (2018). New language law could kill independent media ahead of 2019 election. Kyiv Post. https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/new-language-law-could-kill-independent-media-ahead-of-2019-elections.html?cn-reloaded=1
   Google Scholar
• Tardy, T. (2013). NATO and the comprehensive approach: Weak conceptualization, political divergences, and implementation challenges. In G. Herd & J. Kriendle (eds.), Understanding NATO in the 21st Century (pp. 126–142). [Online]. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• TASS. (2018, September 15). About 5,000 rally in riga against reform of Russian-language schools in Latvia. http://tass.com/society/1021758
   Google Scholar
• Tong, Y. Y., Hong, Y. Y., Lee, S. L., & Chiu, C. Y. (1999). Language use as a carrier of social identity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23(2), 281–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(98)00039-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Avermaet, P. (2009). Fortress Europe. Language policy regimes for immigration and citizenship. In G. Hogan-Brun, C. Mar-Molinero, & P. Stevenson (Hrsg.), Discourse on language and integration (S. 15–43). John Benjamins Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Vauchez, A. (2020). Citizenship as a weapon: Populism and the crisis of the European project. European Journal of Sociology, 61(2), 275–309.
   Google Scholar
• Votel, J. L., Cleveland, C. T., Connett, C. T., & Irwin, W. (2016). Unconventional warfare in the gray zone. Joint Forces Quarterly, 80(1), 101–109.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, P. D., & McDonald, M. (2018). An introduction to security studies. In P. Williams & M. McDonald (Eds.), Security studies (pp. 1–13). Routledge.
   Google Scholar