The relationship between learning slopes and Alzheimer’s Disease biomarkers in cognitively unimpaired participants with and without subjective memory concerns

References

• ADNI1. (2004). Alzheimer’s Disease neuroimaging initiative: ADNI Procedures Manual. http://adni.loni.usc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/ADNI_GeneralProceduresManual.pdf
   Google Scholar
• ADNI2. (2011). Alzheimer’s Disease neuroimaging initiative: ADNI2 Procedures Manual. Retrieved May 21, from, https://adni.loni.usc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/adni2-procedures-manual.pdf
   Google Scholar
• ADNI3. (2016). Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: ADNI3 Procedures Manual. Retrieved July, 2021 from, https://adni.loni.usc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/ADNI3-Procedures-Manual_v3.0_20170627.pdf
   Google Scholar
• ADNIGO. (2009). Alzheimer’s Disease neuroimaging initiative: ADNI grand opportunities procedures manual. http://adni.loni.usc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/ADNI_GO_Procedures_Manual_06102011.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Albert, M. S., DeKosky, S. T., Dickson, D., Dubois, B., Feldman, H. H., Fox, N. C., Gamst, A., Holtzman, D. M., Jagust, W. J., Petersen, R. C., Snyder, P. J., Carrillo, M. C., Thies, B., & Phelps, C. H. (2011). The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 7(3), 270–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amariglio, R. E., Mormino, E. C., Pietras, A. C., Marshall, G. A., Vannini, P., Johnson, K. A., Sperling, R. A., & Rentz, D. M. (2015). Subjective cognitive concerns, amyloid-β, and neurodegeneration in clinically normal elderly. Neurology, 85(1), 56–62. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000001712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict, R. (1997). Brief visuospatial memory Test-revised. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Besser, L., Kukull, W., Knopman, D. S., Chui, H., Galasko, D., Weintraub, S., Jicha, G., Carlsson, C., Burns, J., Quinn, J., Sweet, R. A., Rascovsky, K., Teylan, M., Beekly, D., Thomas, G., Bollenbeck, M., Monsell, S., Mock, C., Zhou, X. H., & Clinical Core leaders of the National Institute on Aging-funded, U. S. A. s. D. C. (2018). Version 3 of the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating center’s Uniform data Set. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 32(4), 351–358. https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0000000000000279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bondi, M. W., Edmonds, E. C., Jak, A. J., Clark, L. R., Delano-Wood, L., McDonald, C. R., Nation, D. A., Libon, D. J., Au, R., Galasko, D., & Salmon, D. P. (2014). Neuropsychological criteria for mild cognitive impairment improves diagnostic precision, biomarker associations, and progression rates. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 42(1), 275–289. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-140276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt, J., & Benedict, R. (1997). Hopkins verbal learning test-revised. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Buckley, R. F., Hanseeuw, B., Schultz, A. P., Vannini, P., Aghjayan, S. L., Properzi, M. J., Jackson, J. D., Mormino, E. C., Rentz, D. M., Sperling, R. A., Johnson, K. A., & Amariglio, R. E. (2017). Region-specific association of subjective cognitive decline with Tauopathy independent of global beta-amyloid burden. JAMA Neurology, 74(12), 1455–1463. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.2216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buelow, M. T., Tremont, G., Frakey, L. L., Grace, J., & Ott, B. R. (2014). Utility of the cognitive difficulties scale and association with objective test performance. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementias, 29(8), 755–761. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317514539032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caillaud, M., Hudon, C., Boller, B., Brambati, S., Duchesne, S., Lorrain, D., Gagnon, J.-F., Maltezos, S., Mellah, S., Phillips, N., Disease-Quebec, C. F. T. E. I. O. A. S., Belleville, S., Gutchess, A., & Gutchess, A. (2019). Evidence of a Relation between hippocampal volume, white matter hyperintensities, and cognition in subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 75(7), 1382–1392. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz120
   Google Scholar
• Dauphinot, V., Bouteloup, V., Mangin, J.-F., Vellas, B., Pasquier, F., Blanc, F., Hanon, O., Gabelle, A., Annweiler, C., David, R., Planche, V., Godefroy, O., Rivasseau-Jonveaux, T., Chupin, M., Fischer, C., Chêne, G., Dufouil, C., & Krolak-Salmon, P. (2020). Subjective cognitive and non-cognitive complaints and brain MRI biomarkers in the MEMENTO cohort. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring, 12(1), e12051. https://doi.org/10.1002/dad2.12051
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D’Esposito, M., Postle, B. R., Ballard, D., & Lease, J. (1999). Maintenance versus manipulation of information held in working memory: An event-related fMRI study. Brain Cogn, 41(1), 66–86. https://doi.org/10.1006/brcg.1999.1096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duff, K. (2021). Amnestic MCI in ADNI. Maybe Not Enough Memory Impairment?, 97(12), 595–596. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000012587
   Google Scholar
• Farias, S. T., Mungas, D., Reed, B. R., Cahn-Weiner, D., Jagust, W., Baynes, K., & Decarli, C. (2008). The measurement of everyday cognition (ECog): Scale development and psychometric properties. Neuropsychology, 22(4), 531–544. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.22.4.531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankenmolen, N. L., Overdorp, E. J., Fasotti, L., Claassen, J., Kessels, R. P. C., & Oosterman, J. M. (2018). Memory strategy training in older adults with subjective memory complaints: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 24(10), 1110–1120. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1355617718000619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrido-Chaves, R., Perez, V., Perez-Alarcón, M., Crespo-Sanmiguel, I., Paiva, T. O., Hidalgo, V., Pulopulos, M. M., & Salvador, A. (2021). Subjective memory complaints and decision making in young and older adults: An event-related potential study [original Research]. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 13, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.695275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gifford, K. A., Phillips, J. S., Samuels, L. R., Lane, E. M., Bell, S. P., Liu, D., Hohman, T. J., Romano, R. R., 3rd, Fritzsche, L. R., Lu, Z., Jefferson, A. L., & Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging, I. (2015). Associations between Verbal learning slope and Neuroimaging Markers across the cognitive Aging Spectrum. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 21(6), 455–467. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617715000430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gollan, T. H., Weissberger, G. H., Runnqvist, E., Montoya, R. I., & Cera, C. M. (2012). Self-ratings of spoken language dominance: A multilingual Naming Test (MINT) and preliminary norms for young and aging Spanish–English bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(3), 594–615. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728911000332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grober, E., Sliwinski, M., & Korey, S. R. (1991). Development and validation of a model for estimating premorbid verbal intelligence in the elderly. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13(6), 933–949. https://doi.org/10.1080/01688639108405109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, M., Wollman, S., Haines, E., Boyle, M., Richardson, H., & Hammers, D. B. (In press). A Novel learning Ratio from the NAB list learning test distinguishes between clinical groups: Clinical validation and sex-related differences. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2023.2236772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammers, D. B., Gradwohl, B. D., Kucera, A., Abildskov, T., Wilde, E. A., & Spencer, R. J. (2021). Preliminary validation of the learning Ratio for the HVLT–R and BVMT–R in older adults. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 34(3), 170–181. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNN.0000000000000277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammers, D. B., Kostadinova, R. V., Spencer, R. J., Ikanga, J. N., Unverzagt, F. W., Risacher, S. L., & Apostolova, L. G. (2022). Sensitivity of memory subtests and learning slopes from the ADAS-Cog to distinguish along the continuum of the NIA-AA Research Framework for Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuropsychology Development and Cognition Section B Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2022.2120957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammers, D. B., Nemes, S., Diedrich, T., Eloyan, A., Kirby, K., Aisen, P. S., Kramer, J., Nudelman, K., Foroud, T., Rumbaugh, M., Atri, A., Day, G. S., Duara, R., Graff‐Radford, N. R., Honig, L. S., Jones, D. T., Masdeu, J. C., Mendez, M. F., & Rabinovici, G. D. (2023). Learning slopes in early-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.13159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammers, D. B., Spencer, R. J., & Apostolova, L. G. (2022). Validation of and demographically adjusted normative data for the learning Ratio derived from the RAVLT in robustly intact older adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acac002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammers, D. B., Spencer, R. J., Apostolova, L. G., & Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging, I. (2022). Validation of and demographically adjusted normative data for the learning Ratio derived from the RAVLT in robustly Intact older adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 37(5), 981–993. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acac002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammers, D. B., Suhrie, K. R., Dixon, A., Gradwohl, B. D., Archibald, Z. G., King, J. B., Spencer, R. J., Duff, K., & Hoffman, J. M. (2021). Relationship between a novel learning slope metric and Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers. Neuropsychology, Development, and Cognition Section B, Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2021.1919984
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammers, D. B., Suhrie, K. R., Dixon, A., Gradwohl, B. D., Duff, K., & Spencer, R. J. (2021). Validation of HVLT-R, BVMT-R, and RBANS learning slope scores along the Alzheimer’s continuum. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 37(1), 78–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acab023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedden, T., Oh, H., Younger, A. P., & Patel, T. A. (2013). Meta-analysis of amyloid-cognition relations in cognitively normal older adults. Neurology, 80(14), 1341–1348. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31828ab35d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack, C. R., Jr., Bennett, D. A., Blennow, K., Carrillo, M. C., Dunn, B., Haeberlein, S. B., Holtzman, D. M., Jagust, W., Jessen, F., Karlawish, J., Liu, E., Molinuevo, J. L., Montine, T., Phelps, C., Rankin, K. P., Rowe, C. C., Scheltens, P., Siemers, E. … Ryan, L. (2018). NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 14(4), 535–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack, C. R., Jr., Knopman, D. S., Jagust, W. J., Petersen, R. C., Weiner, M. W., Aisen, P. S., Shaw, L. M., Vemuri, P., Wiste, H. J., Weigand, S. D., Lesnick, T. G., Pankratz, V. S., Donohue, M. C., & Trojanowski, J. Q. (2013). Tracking pathophysiological processes in Alzheimer’s disease: An updated hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers. Lancet Neurology, 12(2), 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70291-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jak, A. J., Bondi, M. W., Delano-Wood, L., Wierenga, C., Corey-Bloom, J., Salmon, D. P., & Delis, D. C. (2009). Quantification of five neuropsychological approaches to defining mild cognitive impairment. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(5), 368–375. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e31819431d5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jessen, F., Amariglio, R. E., Buckley, R. F., van der Flier, W. M., Han, Y., Molinuevo, J. L., Rabin, L., Rentz, D. M., Rodriguez-Gomez, O., Saykin, A. J., Sikkes, S. A. M., Smart, C. M., Wolfsgruber, S., & Wagner, M. (2020). The characterisation of subjective cognitive decline. Lancet Neurology, 19(3), 271–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30368-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, E., Goodglass, H., & Weintraub, S. (1983). The Boston Naming Test. Lea & Febiger.
   Google Scholar
• Kiselica, A. M. (2021). Empirically defining the preclinical stages of the Alzheimer’s continuum in the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Psychogeriatrics, 21(4), 491–502. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiselica, A. M., Kaser, A. N., & Benge, J. F. (2021). An initial Empirical Operationalization of the earliest stages of the Alzheimer’s continuum. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 35(1), 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1097/wad.0000000000000408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, L., Zhao, L., Wei, Y., Mai, W., Duan, G., Su, J., Nong, X., Yu, B., Li, C., Mo, X., Wilson, G., Deng, D., & Kong, J. (2020). Structural and functional hippocampal changes in subjective cognitive decline from the community. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 12, 64. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2020.00064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loessner, L., Matthes, C., Haussmann, R., Brandt, M. D., Sauer, C., Espin, M., Noppes, F., Werner, A., Linn, J., Hummel, T., Haehner, A., & Donix, M. (2022). Predictors of subjective cognitive deficits in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Psychogeriatrics, 22(2), 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miebach, L., Wolfsgruber, S., Polcher, A., Peters, O., Menne, F., Luther, K., Incesoy, E., Priller, J., Spruth, E., Altenstein, S., Buerger, K., Catak, C., Janowitz, D., Perneczky, R., Utecht, J., Laske, C., Buchmann, M., Schneider, A., Fliessbach, K. … Wagner, M. (2019). Which features of subjective cognitive decline are related to amyloid pathology? Findings from the DELCODE study. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 11(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-019-0515-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchell, A. J., Beaumont, H., Ferguson, D., Yadegarfar, M., & Stubbs, B. (2014). Risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in older people with subjective memory complaints: Meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 130(6), 439–451. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, J. C., Heyman, A., Mohs, R. C., Hughes, J. P., van Belle, G., Fillenbaum, G., Mellits, E. D., & Clark, C. (1989). The consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD). Part I. Clinical and neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 39(9), 1159–1165. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.39.9.1159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, R. L., Pei, H., Novak, G., Kaufer, D. I., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., Ruhmel, S., & Narayan, V. A. (2018). A computerized, self-administered test of verbal episodic memory in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment and healthy participants: A randomized, crossover, validation study. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring, 10(1), 647–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dadm.2018.08.010
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bedirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J. L., & Chertkow, H. (2005). The montreal cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S., Lee, J.-H., Lee, J., Cho, Y., Park, H. G., Yoo, Y., Youn, J.-H., Ryu, S.-H., Hwang, J. Y., Kim, J., & Lee, J.-Y. (2019). Interactions between subjective memory complaint and objective cognitive deficit on memory performances. BMC Geriatrics, 19(1), 294. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1322-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavisic, I. M., Lu, K., Keuss, S. E., James, S.-N., Lane, C. A., Parker, T. D., Keshavan, A., Buchanan, S. M., Murray-Smith, H., Cash, D. M., Coath, W., Wong, A., Fox, N. C., Crutch, S. J., Richards, M., & Schott, J. M. (2021). Subjective cognitive complaints at age 70: Associations with amyloid and mental health. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 92(11), 1215–1221. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-325620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlaki, G., Orsi, G., Plozer, E., Altbacker, A., Darnai, G., Nagy, S. A., Horvath, R., Toth, A., Doczi, T., Kovacs, N., Bogner, P., Schwarcz, A., & Janszky, J. (2014). Are there any gender differences in the hippocampus volume after head-size correction? A volumetric and voxel-based morphometric study. Neuroscience Letters, 570, 119–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2014.04.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer, R. I., Kurosaki, T. T., Harrah, C. H., Jr., Chance, J. M., & Filos, S. (1982). Measurement of functional activities in older adults in the Community1. Journal of Gerontology, 37(3), 323–329. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/37.3.323
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rattanabannakit, C., Risacher, S. L., Gao, S., Lane, K. A., Brown, S. A., McDonald, B. C., Unverzagt, F. W., Apostolova, L. G., Saykin, A. J., Farlow, M. R., & Abbate, C. (2016). The cognitive change Index as a measure of self and informant perception of cognitive decline: Relation to neuropsychological tests. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 51(4), 1145–1155. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-150729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitan, R. (1992). Trail making Test: Manual for administration and scoring. Reitan Neuropsychology Laboratory.
   Google Scholar
• Ribeiro, F., Guerreiro, M., & De Mendonça, A. (2007). Verbal learning and memory deficits in mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29(2), 187–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390600629775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronnlund, M., Sundstrom, A., Adolfsson, R., & Nilsson, L. G. (2015). Subjective memory impairment in older adults predicts future dementia independent of baseline memory performance: Evidence from the Betula prospective cohort study. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 11(11), 1385–1392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2014.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, W. G., Mohs, R. C., & Davis, K. L. (1984). A new rating scale for Alzheimer’s disease. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 141(11), 1356–1364. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.141.11.1356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu, S. Y., Lee, S. B., Kim, T. W., & Lee, T. J. (2016). Subjective memory complaints, depressive symptoms and instrumental activities of daily living in mild cognitive impairment. International Psychogeriatrics / IPA, 28(3), 487–494. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610215001945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schindler, S. E., Gray, J. D., Gordon, B. A., Xiong, C., Batrla-Utermann, R., Quan, M., Wahl, S., Benzinger, T. L. S., Holtzman, D. M., Morris, J. C., & Fagan, A. M. (2018). Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers measured by Elecsys assays compared to amyloid imaging. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 14(11), 1460–1469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.01.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, M. (1996). The rey auditory verbal learning test. Western Psychological Services.
   Google Scholar
• Sheikh, J. I., & Yesavage, J. (1986). Geriatric depression Scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontologist, 5(1–2), 165–172. https://doi.org/10.1300/J018v05n01_09
   Google Scholar
• Shirk, S. D., Mitchell, M. B., Shaughnessy, L. W., Sherman, J. C., Locascio, J. J., Weintraub, S., & Atri, A. (2011). A web-based normative calculator for the uniform data set (UDS) neuropsychological test battery. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 3(6), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/alzrt94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohrabi, H. R., Weinborn, M., Laske, C., Bates, K. A., Christensen, D., Taddei, K., Rainey-Smith, S. R., Brown, B. M., Gardener, S. L., Laws, S. M., Martins, G., Burnham, S. C., Bucks, R. S., Reisberg, B., Lautenschlager, N. T., Foster, J., & Martins, R. N. (2019). Subjective memory complaints predict baseline but not future cognitive function over three years: Results from the Western Australia memory study. International Psychogeriatrics, 31(4), 513–525. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610218001072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer, R. J., Gradwohl, B. D., Williams, T. F., Kordovski, V. M., & Hammers, D. B. (2020). Developing learning slope scores for the repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status. Applied Neuropsychology Adult, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2018.1451334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg, S. I., Negash, S., Sammel, M. D., Bogner, H., Harel, B. T., Livney, M. G., McCoubrey, H., Wolk, D. A., Kling, M. A., & Arnold, S. E. (2013). Subjective memory complaints, cognitive performance, and psychological factors in healthy older adults. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 28(8), 776–783. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317513504817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Striepens, N., Scheef, L., Wind, A., Popp, J., Spottke, A., Cooper-Mahkorn, D., Suliman, H., Wagner, M., Schild, H. H., & Jessen, F. (2010). Volume loss of the medial temporal lobe structures in subjective memory impairment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 29(1), 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1159/000264630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, K. R., Bangen, K. J., Weigand, A. J., Edmonds, E. C., Wong, C. G., Cooper, S., Delano-Wood, L., Bondi, M. W., & Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging, I. (2020). Objective subtle cognitive difficulties predict future amyloid accumulation and neurodegeneration. Neurology, 94(4), e397–e406. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000008838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, K. R., Edmonds, E. C., Eppig, J., Salmon, D. P., Bondi, M. W., & Brandt, J. (2018). Using neuropsychological process scores to identify subtle cognitive decline and predict progression to mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 64(1), 195–204. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-180229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (1987). WMS-R : Wechsler memory scale–revised : Manual. The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Weiner, M. W., Veitch, D. P., Aisen, P. S., Beckett, L. A., Cairns, N. J., Green, R. C., Harvey, D., Jack, C. R., Jr., Jagust, W., Morris, J. C., Petersen, R. C., Salazar, J., Saykin, A. J., Shaw, L. M., Toga, A. W., Trojanowski, J. Q., & Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging, I. (2017). The Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 3: Continued innovation for clinical trial improvement. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 13(5), 561–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2016.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weintraub, S., Besser, L., Dodge, H. H., Teylan, M., Ferris, S., Goldstein, F. C., Giordani, B., Kramer, J., Loewenstein, D., Marson, D., Mungas, D., Salmon, D., Welsh-Bohmer, K., Zhou, X.-H., Shirk, S. D., Atri, A., Kukull, W. A., Phelps, C., & Morris, J. C. (2018). Version 3 of the Alzheimer Disease centers’ neuropsychological test battery in the uniform data set (UDS). Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 32(1), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1097/wad.0000000000000223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar