101
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Development of non-destructive methods for the assessment of authenticity of sports whey protein supplements

, , , , , & show all
Pages 339-351 | Received 11 Oct 2023, Accepted 23 Jan 2024, Published online: 06 Feb 2024

References

  • Aljaloud SO, Ibrahim SA. 2013. Use of dietary supplements among professional athletes in Saudi Arabia. J Nutr Metab. 2013:245349. doi:10.1155/2013/245349.
  • Andersen LL, Tufekovic G, Zebis MK, Crameri RM, Verlaan G, Kjaer M, Suetta C, Magnusson P, Aagaard P. 2005. The effect of resistance training combined with timed ingestion of protein on muscle fiber size and muscle strength. Metabolism. 54(2):151–156. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2004.07.012.
  • Andrade J, Pereira CG, de Almeida Junior JC, Viana CCR, de Oliveira Neves LN, da Silva PHF, Bell MJV, dos Anjos VC. 2019. FTIR-ATR determination of protein content to evaluate whey protein concentrate adulteration. LWT. 99:166–172. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2018.09.079.
  • Andrade J, Pereira CG, Ranquine T, Bell MJV, dos Anjos VC. 2020. Mid infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis evaluation of adulteration in whey protein powder. Quarks: Brazil Electron J Phys Chem Mater Sci. 2:1–18.
  • Badaró AT, Garcia-Martin JF, López-Barrera MDC, Barbin DF, Alvarez-Mateos P. 2020. Determination of pectin content in orange peels by near infrared hyperspectral imaging. Food Chem. 323:126861. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126861.
  • Bordignon JCS, Badaró AT, Barbin DF, Mariutti LRB, Netto FM. 2023. Oxidation of whey protein isolate after thermal convection and microwave heating and freeze-drying: correlation among physicochemical and NIR spectroscopy analyses. Heliyon. 9(7):e17981. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17981.
  • Bro R, Smilde AK. 2014. Principal component analysis. Anal Methods. 6(9):2812–2831. doi:10.1039/C3AY41907J.
  • Calamari L, Ferrari A, Minuti A, Trevisi E. 2016. Assessment of the main plasma parameters included in a metabolic profile of dairy cow based on Fourier Transform mid-infrared spectroscopy: preliminary results. BMC Vet Res. 12:1–10.
  • Campbell B, Kreider RB, Ziegenfuss T, La Bounty P, Roberts M, Burke D, Landis J, Lopez H, Antonio J. 2007. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: protein and exercise. JISSN. 4:1–7.
  • Cohen PA. 2018. The FDA and adulterated supplements—dereliction of duty. JAMA Netw Open. 1(6):e183329. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/article-abstract/2706489. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.3329.
  • Cozzolino D. 2020. The Sample, the spectra and the maths—the critical pillars in the development of robust and sound applications of vibrational spectroscopy. Molecules. 25(16):3674. doi:10.3390/molecules25163674.
  • Czepielewska E, Makarewicz-Wujec M, Różewski F, Wojtasik E, Kozłowska-Wojciechowska M. 2018. Drug adulteration of food supplements: a threat to public health in the European Union? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 97:98–102. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.06.014.
  • da Paixão Teixeira JL, dos Santos Caramês ET, Baptista DP, Gigante ML, Pallone JAL. 2020. Vibrational spectroscopy and chemometrics tools for authenticity and improvement the safety control in goat milk. Food Control. 112:107105. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107105.
  • Davis TA, Karl I. 1986. Response of muscle protein turnover to insulin after acute exercise and training. Biochem J. 240(3):651–657. doi:10.1042/bj2400651.
  • de Castro RJS, Domingues MAF, Ohara A, Okuro PK, dos Santos JG, Brexó RP, Sato HH. 2017. Whey protein as a key component in food systems: physicochemical properties, production technologies and applications. Food Struct. 14:17–29. doi:10.1016/j.foostr.2017.05.004.
  • de Lima GF, Andrade SAC, da Silva VH, Honorato FA. 2018. Multivariate classification of UHT milk as to the presence of lactose using benchtop and portable NIR spectrometers. Food Anal Methods. 11(10):2699–2706. doi:10.1007/s12161-018-1253-7.
  • Diniz PHGD, Gomes AA, Pistonesi MF, Band BSF, de Araújo MCU. 2014. Simultaneous classification of teas according to their varieties and geographical origins by using NIR spectroscopy and SPA-LDA. Food Anal Methods. 7:1712–1718. doi:10.1007/s12161-014-9809-7.
  • Dohm GL, Kasperek GJ, Tapscott EB, Beecher GR. 1980. Effect of exercise on synthesis and degradation of muscle protein. Biochem J. 188(1):255–262. doi:10.1042/bj1880255.
  • Elhamdaoui O, El Orche A, Cheikh A, Mojemmi B, Nejjari R, Bouatia M. 2020. Development of fast analytical method for the detection and quantification of honey adulteration using vibrational spectroscopy and chemometrics tools. J Anal Methods Chem. 2020:8816249. doi:10.1155/2020/8816249.
  • Food and Administration. 1995. Dietary supplement health and education act of 1994, December 1.
  • Ha E, Zemel MB. 2003. Functional properties of whey, whey components, and essential amino acids: mechanisms underlying health benefits for active people. J Nutr Biochem. 14(5):251–258. doi:10.1016/s0955-2863(03)00030-5.
  • Hutt PB. 2005. FDA statutory authority to regulate the safety of dietary supplements. Am J Law Med. 31(2–3):155–174. doi:10.1177/009885880503100202.
  • Jeewanthi RKC, Lee N-K, Paik H-D. 2015. Improved functional characteristics of whey protein hydrolysates in food industry. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour. 35(3):350–359. doi:10.5851/kosfa.2015.35.3.350.
  • Jiao X, Meng Y, Wang K, Huang W, Li N, Liu TC-Y. 2019. Rapid detection of adulterants in whey protein supplement by raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis. Molecules. 24(10):1889. doi:10.3390/molecules24101889.
  • Johnson R. 2018. Food fraud and “economically motivated adulteration” of food and food ingredients. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
  • Kar S, Tudu B, Jana A, Bandyopadhyay R. 2019. FT-NIR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis for detection of starch adulteration in turmeric powder. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 36(6):863–875. doi:10.1080/19440049.2019.1600746.
  • Katsanos CS, Chinkes DL, Paddon-Jones D, Zhang X-j, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR. 2008. Whey protein ingestion in elderly persons results in greater muscle protein accrual than ingestion of its constituent essential amino acid content. Nutr Res. 28(10):651–658. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2008.06.007.
  • Kerksick CM, Leutholtz B. 2005. Nutrient administration and resistance training. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2(1):50–67. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-2-1-50.
  • Knapik JJ, Steelman RA, Hoedebecke SS, Austin KG, Farina EK, Lieberman HR. 2016. Prevalence of dietary supplement use by athletes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 46(1):103–123. doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0387-7.
  • Kreider RB, Wilborn CD, Taylor L, Campbell B, Almada AL, Collins R, Cooke M, Earnest CP, Greenwood M, Kalman DS. 2010. ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review: research & recommendations. JISSN. 7:7.
  • Lam F-C, Bukhsh A, Rehman H, Waqas MK, Shahid N, Khaliel AM, Elhanish A, Karoud M, Telb A, Khan TM. 2019. Efficacy and safety of whey protein supplements on vital sign and physical performance among athletes: a network meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 10:317. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00317.
  • Lee SY, Morr CV, Ha EY. 1992. Structural and functional properties of caseinate and whey protein isolate as affected by temperature and pH. J Food Sci. 57(5):1210–1229. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1992.tb11301.x.
  • Lukacs M, Bazar G, Pollner B, Henn R, Kirchler CG, Huck CW, Kovacs Z. 2018. Near infrared spectroscopy as an alternative quick method for simultaneous detection of multiple adulterants in whey protein-based sports supplement. Food Control. 94:331–340. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.07.004.
  • Mabood F, Hussain J, Jabeen F, Abbas G, Allaham B, Albroumi M, Alghawi S, Alameri S, Gilani SA, Al-Harrasi A, et al. 2018. Applications of FT-NIRS combined with PLS multivariate methods for the detection & quantification of saccharin adulteration in commercial fruit juices. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 35(6):1052–1060. doi:10.1080/19440049.2018.1457802.
  • Mahesh S, Jayas D, Paliwal J, White N. 2015. Comparison of partial least squares regression (PLSR) and principal components regression (PCR) methods for protein and hardness predictions using the near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral images of bulk samples of Canadian wheat. Food Bioprocess Technol. 8(1):31–40. doi:10.1007/s11947-014-1381-z.
  • Mihaljev ŽA, Jakšić SM, Prica NB, Ćupić ŽN, Živkov-Baloš MM. 2015. Comparison of the Kjeldahl method, Dumas method and NIR method for total nitrogen determination in meat and meat products. J Agroaliment Processes Technol. 21:365–370.
  • Nie Z, Tremblay G, Bélanger G, Berthiaume R, Castonguay Y, Bertrand A, Michaud R, Allard G, Han J. 2009. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy prediction of neutral detergent-soluble carbohydrates in timothy and alfalfa. J Dairy Sci. 92(4):1702–1711. doi:10.3168/jds.2008-1599.
  • Patel S. 2015. Emerging trends in nutraceutical applications of whey protein and its derivatives. J Food Sci Technol. 52(11):6847–6858. doi:10.1007/s13197-015-1894-0.
  • Pires AF, Marnotes NG, Rubio OD, Garcia AC, Pereira CD. 2021. Dairy by-products: a review on the valorization of whey and second cheese whey. Foods. 10(5):1067. doi:10.3390/foods10051067.
  • Roberts M, Turk W. 2017. The pursuit of food authenticity: recommended legal and policy strategies to eradicate economically motivated adulteration (food fraud). Available at SSRN 2947347. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2947347.
  • Ruiz-Perez D, Guan H, Madhivanan P, Mathee K, Narasimhan G. 2020. So you think you can PLS-DA? BMC Bioinform. 21:1–10.
  • Sáez-Plaza P, Navas MJ, Wybraniec S, Michałowski T, Asuero AG. 2013. An overview of the Kjeldahl method of nitrogen determination. Part II. Sample preparation, working scale, instrumental finish, and quality control. Crit Rev Anal Chem. 43(4):224–272. doi:10.1080/10408347.2012.751787.
  • Spink J, Bedard B, Keogh J, Moyer DC, Scimeca J, Vasan A. 2019. International survey of food fraud and related terminology: preliminary results and discussion. J Food Sci. 84(10):2705–2718. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.14705.
  • Tang JE, Moore DR, Kujbida GW, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. 2009. Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men. J Appl Physiol (1985). 107(3):987–992. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00076.2009.
  • Teye E, Elliott C, Sam-Amoah LK, Mingle C. 2019. Rapid and nondestructive fraud detection of palm oil adulteration with Sudan dyes using portable NIR spectroscopic techniques. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 36(11):1589–1596. doi:10.1080/19440049.2019.1658905.
  • Wang T, Tan SY, Mutilangi W, Aykas DP, Rodriguez-Saona LE. 2015. Authentication of whey protein powders by portable mid‐infrared spectrometers combined with pattern recognition analysis. J Food Sci. 80(10):C2111–C2116. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.13006.
  • Welle S, Thornton C, Statt M, McHenry B. 1994. Postprandial myofibrillar and whole body protein synthesis in young and old human subjects. Am J Physiol. 267(4 Pt 1):E599–E604. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1994.267.4.E599.
  • Whetstine MC, Croissant A, Drake M. 2005. Characterization of dried whey protein concentrate and isolate flavor. J Dairy Sci. 88(11):3826–3839. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)73068-X.
  • Wilson J, Wilson GJ. 2006. Contemporary issues in protein requirements and consumption for resistance trained athletes. JISSN. 3:1–21.
  • Witard OC, Jackman SR, Breen L, Smith K, Selby A, Tipton KD. 2014. Myofibrillar muscle protein synthesis rates subsequent to a meal in response to increasing doses of whey protein at rest and after resistance exercise. Am J Clin Nutr. 99(1):86–95. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.055517.
  • Wójcicki K. 2018. Applying NIR spectroscopy to evaluate quality of whey protein supplements available on the Polish market. ZNTJ. 115(2):59–70. doi:10.15193/zntj/2018/115/233.
  • Xu Y, Yang W, Wu X, Wang Y, Zhang J. 2022. ResNet model automatically extracts and identifies FT-NIR features for geographical traceability of Polygonatum kingianum. Foods. 11(22):3568. doi:10.3390/foods11223568.
  • Zhang S, Cheng D, Deng Z, Zong M, Deng X. 2018. A novel kNN algorithm with data-driven k parameter computation. Pattern Recognit Lett. 109:44–54. doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2017.09.036.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.