Incidence and health risk assessment of hydrogen cyanide and multi-mycotoxins in Nigerian garri

References

• Udovicki B, Djekic I, Gajdos Kljusuric J, Papageorgiou M, Skendi A, Djugum J, Rajkovic A. 2019. Exposure assessment and risk characterization of aflatoxins intake through consumption of maize products in the adult populations of Serbia, Croatia and Greece. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 36(6):940–951. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1600748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abia WA, Warth B, Sulyok M, Krska RT, Chana AN, Njobeh PB, Dutton MF, Moundipa PF. 2013. Determination of multimycotoxin occurrence in cereal nuts and their products in Cameroon by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Food Control. 31(2):438–453. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.10.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adebayo BA, Wasiu A, Micheal S, Emmanuel OA. 2017. Occurrence of regulated mycotoxins and other microbial metabolites in dried cassava products from Nigeria. Toxins. 9(7):207. doi: 10.3390/toxins9070207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adejumo O, Atanda O, Raiola A, Somorin Y, Bandyopadhyay A, Ritieni A. 2013. Correlation between aflatoxin M1 content of breast milk, dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 and socioeconomic status of lactating mothers in Ogun State, Nigeria. Food Chem Toxicol. 56:171–177. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akinsola RO, Abubarkar E, Alade S. 2015. Assessment of cyanide content in white, light yellow and deep yellow cassava grit sold in Damaturu. Am J Food Sci Health. 1(5):109–113.
   Google Scholar
• Akintonwa A, Tunwashe OL, 1992. Fatal cyanide poisoning from cassava-based meal. Hum Exp Toxicol. 11(1):47–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aregheore EM, and, Agunbiade OO. 1991. The toxic effects of cassava (manihot esculenta grantz) diets on humans: a review. Vet Hum Toxicol. 33(3):274–275.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Babalola OO. 2014. Cyanide content of commercial gari from different areas of Ekiti State. Nigeria J Nat Sci Res. 4(22):25–32.
   Google Scholar
• Bensassi F, Gallerne C, el Dein OS, Hajlaoui MR, Bacha H, Lemaire C. 2011. Mechanism of alternariol monomethyl ether-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells. Toxicology. 290(2–3):230–240. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.09.087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanshard AF, Dahniya MT, Poulter NH, Taylor AJ. 1994. Fermentation of cassava into Foofoo: effect of time and temperature on processing and storage quality. J Sci Food Agric. 66(4):485–492. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740660410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAST (Council for Agricultural Science and Technology). 2003. Mycotoxins: risks in plant, animal and human systems. Ames (IA): CAST; p. 1–191.
   Google Scholar
• Chełkowski J, Visconti A. 1992. Alternaria: biology, plant diseases, and metabolites. Vol. 3. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Chen D, Cao X, Tao Y, Wu Q, Pan Y, Huang L, Wang X, Wang Y, Peng D, Liu Z, et al. 2012. Development of a sensitive and robust liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and a pressurized liquid extraction for the determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in animal derived foods. J Chromatogr A. 1253:110–119. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chikezie CP, Doka O, Ojiako OA. 2013. Cyanide and aflatoxin loads of processed cassava (Manihot esculenta) tubers (Garri) in Njaba, Imo State, Nigeria. Toxicol Int. 20(3):261–267. doi: 10.4103/0971-6580.121679.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chilaka CA, De Boevre M, Atanda OO, De Saeger S. 2018. Prevalence of Fusarium mycotoxins in cassava and yam products from some selected Nigerian markets. Food Control. 84:226–231. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.08.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coursey DG. 1973. Cassava as food. In: Chronic cassava toxicity. Proceedings of an interdisciplinary workshop. London, England: International Development Research Centre Monography; p. 27–36.
   Google Scholar
• Eisler R. 1991. Cyanide hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review. U.S. Fish Wildlife Ser Biol Rep. 85(1.23):55.
   Google Scholar
• European Union (EU). 2014. European Union Commission Regulation NO 212/2014 of 6 March 2014 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels of the contaminant citrinin in food supplements based on rice fermented with red yeast Monascus purpureus.
   Google Scholar
• Fasola F, Kotila T, Akinyemi J. 2008. Trends in transfusion-transmitted viral infections from 2001 to 2006 in Ibadan, Nigeria. Intervirology. 51(6):427–431. doi: 10.1159/000209671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). 2004. The global cassava development Strategy and implementation plan. Proceeding of the validation forum on the cassava development strategy. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org.
   Google Scholar
• Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). 2019. FAOSTAT statistical database. Statistical division. Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Gbashi S, Madala NE, De Saeger S, De Boevre M, Njobeh PB. 2019. Development, chemometric-assisted optimization and in-house validation of a pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) methodology for multi-mycotoxins in maize. Food Chem. 307:125526. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) 2002. Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene. Vol. 82. IARC Monograph on Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans; p. 171–300.
   Google Scholar
• Ibeh IN, Uraih N, Ogonor JI. 1991. Dietary exposure to aflatoxin in Benin City, Negeria: a possible public health concern. Int J Food Microbiol. 14(2):171–174. doi: 10.1016/0168-1605(91)90104-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingenbleek L, Sulyok M, Adegboye A, Hossou SE, Koné AZ, Oyedele AD, Kisito CSKJ, Dembélé YK, Eyangoh S, Verger P, et al. 2019. Regional Sub-Saharan Africa total diet study in Benin, Cameroon, Mali and Nigeria reveals the presence of 164 mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites in foods. Toxins. 11(1):54. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/1/54/pdf-vor. doi: 10.3390/toxins11010054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety). 2009. Principles and methods for the risk assessment of chemicals in food. A joint publication of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization, published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization and the World Health Organization, and produced within the framework of the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. [accessed 2020 Aug 10]. Available from http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc240_annex1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• IPCS/WHO (International Programme on Chemical Safety and WHO) 1998. Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. WHO Food Additives Series 40. [accessed 2020 Aug 24]. Retrieved from http://www.inchem. org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v040je01.htm
   Google Scholar
• Iwuoha GN, Ubeng GG, Onwuachu UI. 2013. Detoxification effect of fermentation on cyanide content of cassava tuber. J Appl Sci Environ Manage. 17(4):567–570.
   Google Scholar
• JECFA. 2001. Safety evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food prepared by fifty sixth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Vol. 47. WHO food additives series.
   Google Scholar
• Liu Y, and, Wu F. 2010. Global burden of aflatoxin-induced hepatocellular carcinoma: a risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect. 118 (6):818–824. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0901388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makun HA, Dutton M, Njobeh P, Phoku J, Yah C. 2011. Incidence, phylogeny and mycotoxigenic potentials of fungi isolated from rice in Niger State, Nigeria. J Food Saf. 31(3):334–349. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2011.00305.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makun HA, Adeniran AL, Mailafiya SC, Ayanda IS, Mudashiru AT, Ojukwu UJ, Jagaba AS, Usman Z, Salihu DA. 2013. Natural occurrence of ochratoxin A in some marketed Nigerian foods. Food Control. 31(2):566–571. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.09.043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monbaliu S, Van Poucke C, Detavernier C, Dumoulin F, Van De Velde M, Schoeters E, Van Dyck S, Averkieva O, Van Peteghem C, De Saeger S. 2010. Occurrence of mycotoxins in feed as analyzed by a multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS method. J Agric Food Chem. 58(1):66–71. doi: 10.1021/jf903859z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NRC (National Research Council). 1996. Naturally occurring carcinogens and anticarcinogens in the diet. In: Carcinogens and anticarcinogens in the human diet: a comparison of naturally occurring and synthetic substances. National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• NVL (National Veterinary Laboratory). 2016. How to collect samples. Industrial hygiene services. http://nvlabss.com.
   Google Scholar
• Oboh G. 2011. Nutritional and Toxicological aspect of Aspergillus niger fermented cassava (manihot esculanta, crantz) product based diets. Nigeria Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 26 (1):1–9.
   Google Scholar
• O’Brian GR, Fakhoury AM, Payne GA. 2003. Identification of genes differentially expressed during aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Fungal Genet Biol. 39(2):118–127. doi: 10.1016/s1087-1845(03)00014-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogiehor IS, Ikenebomeh MJ, Ekundayo AO. 2007. The bioload and aflatoxin content of market garri from some selected states in southern Nigeria: public health significance. African Health Science. 7:223–‑227.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubert J, Soler C, Mañes J. 2012. Application of an HPLC–MS/MS method for mycotoxin analysis in commercial baby foods. Food Chem. 133(1):176–183. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.12.035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saladino F, Quiles JM, Mañes J, Fernández-Franzón M, Luciano FB, Meca G. 2017. Dietary exposure to mycotoxins through the consumption of commercial bread loaf in Valencia, Spain. LWT. 75:697–701. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.10.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchis V, Magan N, 2004. Environmental conditions affecting mycotoxins. Mycotox Food. 1:174–189.
   Google Scholar
• Scudamore KA, Hetmanski MT, Clarke PA, Barnes KA, Startin JR. 1996. Analytical methods for the determination of sterigmatocystin in cheese, bread and corn products using HPLC with atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry detection. Food Addit Contam. 13(3):343–358. doi: 10.1080/02652039609374417.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Surleva A, Zaharia M, Pintilie O, Sandu I, Tudorachi L, Gradinaru RV. 2016. Improved ninhydrin-based reagent for spectrophotometric determination of ppb levels of cyanide. Environ Forensics. 17(1):48–58. doi: 10.1080/15275922.2015.1091404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney MJ, Dobson AD. 1998. Mycotoxin production by Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium species. Int J Food Microbiol. 43(3):141–158. doi: 10.1016/s0168-1605(98)00112-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar